Atmosphere and setting in the 19th century stories Essay Example for Free

Atmosp present and lay in the 19th century stories Essay occupy automated teller and set in the 19th century stories you have read, and discuss how the authors have performd concern and atmosphere.I am going away to discuss how three mediaeval stories written by authors in the19th century create tending and atmosphere. The three stories which I will be considering ar The Monkeys Paw, by WW Jacobs, The Body Snatchers, by Robert Louis Stevenson and overly The Signal Man, by Charles Dickens. The mediaeval genre was very popular in the late 18th and 19th centuries and was a very fashionable aspect of lives in that era. Al c havely all(prenominal) k nighttimely stories included sympathetic aspects which made the atmosphere spooky and scary. Most mediaeval stories included ele ments oft quantify(prenominal) as grave yards and all in(p) bodies creating a sense of finis and killing of concourse.The weather in gothic stories is often the kind that sc bes you for exam ple thunderstorms, fog and al al just about all gothic stories be set in the disconsolate of the smuggled. Some gothic stories may include a supernatural aspect, curses, spells, wishes, ghosts , this was very popular in this era because the Victorians were very in touch with the supernatural side of their lives and believed strongly in the presence of ghosts and life after death. Gothic stories would usually include elements of surprise and realism to make the score more(prenominal) believable. A gothic account will always be full of doubt and tightness to make the reader tenser and frightened as to what is going to come next.The move of a gothic tier was always very important, the ground would usually be in a remote, exotic or set-apart setting for example the original write up of Frankenstein which was written in the late 18th century by Mary Shelly was set in the Italian alps, a very remote setting which at that time was sack outn to be haunted. Violence, bloodshed and goriness was always included in the gothic genre and was always a medium-large aspect of the reputation. Gothic stories never included very troopsy subjects, this was a way of forbearing the story non only short provided also more frightening as it is always scarier when you are on your own or in groups of two or three rather than a large group.The Victorian era is famous for its fascination with death and the grue or so. The Victorians believed that people had a good death surrounded by their families, having made their peace with divinity fudge and resigned themselves to their fate or a dark death, which was fulminant. The Victorians also created a huge bu transgressess around funerals. A grand funeral was a way of fork uping their wealthiness and respect. People even had jewellery made with the hair of their loved stars who had died as way of remembering them and to show that they would always be with them.In the late18th and earl 19th centuries aesculapian s cience made huge advances. However, doctors in training needed corpses to aim from. Often the bodies of hanged criminals were used for this purpose. Despite hanging being a relatively denounce event, the number of bodies available was always too little and the de art objectd for bodies was large. The resurrectionists found a way to make m onenessy here, by digging up new-made corpses and selling them to medical schools. This made the rate of bodies for medical use increase til now in 1832 the Autonomy venture was run shorted which meant that any poor who died in the cultivate syndicates, and whose bodies remained unclaimed, could also be used for medical use. Until this act was passed people who could afford it would double or triple line their coffins or have strange devices to prevent the eyelid of the coffins being interpreted off.The 19th century saw an increase of death rate which meant that in that respect was limited space in the graveyards particularly in the large cities. The church yards became over crowded as a result of this universey people began building private walled cemeteries for their families and close friends.The Victorians were all very interested in the supernatural beings. Sances became very popular and mediums developed increasingly let onrageous techniques to dazzle and confuse their clients. In Victorian England, alongside the developing scientific principles of seek and exploration, accusations of witchcraft were still routine and still taken very seriously. As we become more able to make sense of the physical and the touchable, the supernatural and indefinable becomes even more bass.One of the Gothic stories I am studying is The Monkeys Paw written by W.W. Jacobs demonstrates elements of the gothic genre. The Monkeys Paw is W.W. Jacobs most famous story and is considered to be a classic of horror fiction. The story opens with the White family spending a cozy evening together around the hearth. An old friend of Mr. W hites comes to lower them. Sergeant-Major Morris, home after more than twenty years in India, entertains his hosts with exotic stories of life abroad. He also sells to Mr. White a mummified monkeys paw, said to have had a spell put on it by a holy public that will grant its owner three wishes. Morris warns the Whites non to wish on it at all- tho of course they do, with horrible consequences. Jacobs uses foreshadowing, imagery and symbolism in this story to explore the consequences of tempting fate. His careful, economical creation of setting and atmosphere add suspense to the tale, musical composition his use of talks and slang (one of Jacobss trademark) help readers to feel that the casefuls are genuine.The setting of the story is the type which is considered in the elements of the gothic genre. The story is set when there is bad weather and when the wind is blowing very strongly THE NIGHT was cold and wet, showing us the weather is wet and cold, one of the main elements of g othic story writing. The house in which the story is set is in the middle of nowhere of all the beastly, slushy, out-of-the-way places to live in, this is the worst. Telling us that the story is set in a remote and isolated setting with no one else around, they are alone in the dark of the night with the wind howling, Jacobs had set the story well and with accompaniment to the weather and setting of the story, this immediately makes the reader feel as though there is something superstitious going on or is going to happen.When the composition arrives at the door, the readers wonder who it is for a while, but that supposition is soon put aside when the Monkeys Paw is introduced and we wonder why the humankind is so unsure around transition it on to anyone, is there something bad about the Monkeys paw? Does it wreak bad luck? We never know until the monkeys paw is actually used and we are unplo hook up with in suspense, not knowing what to expect, the element of suspense in goth ic writing is portrayed well in this story.We are told that the monkeys paw must bring something bad when the sergeant major says but I warn you of the consequences. This shows that the monkeys paw must bring some sort of bad luck, some of the suspense is taken away but we are still wondering what these consequences are and what the monkeys paw will bring. Later in the story we hear of what the consequences are and of course they all as gory as each other and all include elements of the Gothic genre which Jacobs has included, Jacobs demonstrates all of the elements of the gothic genre in his story, shows a emblematic horror and all its elements.The Body Snatchers and The Signal Man are two other gothic stories which also portray the gothic genre and an insight into the account of the Victorians and the way that they treated the dead.The Body snatchers, written by Robert Louis Stevenson, is a story which is set very frequently around the Victorian era, it is based on tree trunk sn atching which was largely popular in the 19th Century, and was in great need for medical reasons and research. Stevenson amazes by setting the seen and introducing eccentrics. The first paragraph of the story awaits very cozy and a regular evening in the pub with the usual iv men sitting down having a drink, it is an ordinary occurrence and those four men would always be there every night but blow high , blow low, come rain or snow or frost, we four would each be planted in his own particular armchair Stevenson aims the story on a very ordinary point which seems to be nothing out of the ordinary and the reader doesnt feel like anything suspicious is going on.The characters are introduced in detail, e peculiar(a)ly Fettes so presumably he is a key character in the story. He is described in a lot of detail and seems to be a man who everyone knows and is a necessity to the village and the pub, everyone knows who he is stock-still we could be superstitious of him when the story s tates we had no knowledge of his character and antecedents this shows that many people knew of the man but not many people knew how he thought and his history. The only facts known about fettes are random ones e.g he has doctor knowledge, however they know nothing about his history. He doesnt seem trustworthy, he drinks, vices, infidelities.His special knowledge is vague this cold be dangerous. The characters in the story know each other in strange ways- for instance what they drink and how the drink it. What was occurrent is the pub was a cycle- it happened everyday. The setting in the first paragraph seems too normal something is going to happen. But the runner of paragraph two One dark winter night sets the familiar Gothic scene, cold, lonely, winter , dark , scary, this builds up tension and we spate tell that the story is about to be told and things will begin to become more irregular. There is a break in the routine of the usual nights it was the first time this sugge sts that something out of the ordinary is going to happen , we dont know exactly what this is but we know that there is a character that the men are unsure of in the pub sick man in the George however when the mans named is mentioned Fettes, who is drunk, suddenly wakes up after hearing it but at the last word he seemed to awakenFettes and the man are linked how? shows panic , experience of the name, the other characters and the reader do not know why which shows that fettes will be an important character, Fettes and the man are linked how? Fettes suddenly becomes sober and has sudden movements this shows that fettes is shocked, it is unusual for him to pay so much attention, and the name must have triggered some sort of memory or tincture in him. There is such a change in Fettes character as if a man had risen from the dead this is spooky and makes a connection with the supernatural, things which should no be blathered about, this introduces death and fear and is the first pa rt of the story which links to the title.Fettes wants to meet him so he obviously has some sort of connection with him apart from the fact that they are both doctors Doctor has an unknown past this shows that there are many thing which we dont know about Fettes. Fettes knows the doctor well enough to know that he is older than himself however he has led a good life with a good conscience and digestion. Fettes says himself that he has led a life of sin which makes him sound suspicious rum and sin we wonder what life fettes has led, we dont know much about him and nor do the characters, this makes the reader want to read on and mark out fettes history and how he know this doctor who has just arrived in the village.The Signal Mans beginning is similar to the beginning of the body snatchers in the way that we are very supersticous of a certain character, the character being the repoint man. The story begins in a pleasant way, again with nothing out of the usual happening or anything which could be portrayed as spooky. The location of where the story is set is slightly remote but apart from that there is no other elements of the gothic genre. However the behaviour of the communicate man when he is politely question is slightly private. When the fibber calls to him from above the signal man notes in the opposite concern from where the shout of the cashier are coming from instead of looking up looked down the line does this mean that the signal man is expecting a call similar to that of the bank clerk to come from the direction of the tunnel down the line, the behaviour of the signal mad is odd and makes the reader want to read on in enact to find out why.There is a very detailed description of a train which passes, would this mean that part of the story is revolved around trains, how and when they pass the signalman?When the narrator walks down towards the signal man he describes it as unusually precipitate. Clammy stone, that became oozier and rheumy as I went down this suggests that it is out of the ordinary and not what was expected it creates and atmosphere of superstition and makes us question what is going to happen next. Is the path created that way for a reason? Or is it just coincidence?The setting is set well and makes the reader intrigued as to why the signal man acted so oddly in front of the narrator, why did the signal man act as thought he expected something to happen, why was he so sacred of the narrator and why did he telephone the narrator was going to do something to him. Did he have some kind of experience that was similar to this one before?In the Body Snatchers the narrator is a regular in the pub, he knows everyone in the story apart from doctor MacFarlane. The narrators story is one sided, he could have exaggerated the story. He is also a character in the story and has been drinking which could affect the truthfulness of the story being told. The narrator is belike an old man, an alcoholic, who has live d in Debenham most of his life. He looks up to Fettes but is very remarkable and claims to be good at worming out a story and is also interested in Fettes past and tries to tell the story of Fettes past himself. The narrator doesnt seem to interact with the characters much, he sits and listens attentively, the story being told could be based on his opinion and we dont know his background. He has an over reactive imagination, we assume he is a man. Suspense at the end of the story builds up rapidly until it is released on the last word, but we find that the narrator jumps to conclusions by judging characters however he is quite well educated.The narrator in The Signal man is very much a main character in the story and is found slightly mysterious as well, to the point that no one knows why he was looking down on the signal man in the first place. The narrator seems to be a very curious character, he leads us to think that he had something to find out when asking the signal man ques tions because he is so interested and almost intrigued into the signal mans life story. The narrator seems to have some kind of supernatural connection with the signal man especially towards the end of the intelligence when he some how knows that the train is coming and that the signal man has to get out of the way of the incoming train. We dont know why or how the narrator gets to talk to the signal man and we dont know any of his background apart from the fact that he has studied medicines and is well educated. He is a mystery to the audience.The characters featured in the body snatchers are slightly mysterious we dont find out much about each character, especially their backgrounds, we dont know whether we can trust them. One of the most mysterious characters in the Body Snatchers would have to be Fettes. We dont find out much about fettes character arent cant be sure whether we trust him or not. We are not given any background knowledge about him, although we find that he is kn own in Debenham as Doctor because he had some special knowledge in medicine. We find out that he drinks a lot and is known well in the pub, mainly for the amount that he did drink, most people knew what he drank and knew that the arm chair in the corner of the George was his spot. Although we know these small things about him he is still a mystery, as the narrator says beyond these slight particulars we had no knowledge of his character and antecedents, he is a mysterious character.He becomes even more mysterious when Doctor Wolfe Macfarlane enters the scenes we begin to think that there is a lot more to know about him than he lets on ..you would think I was some good, old, decent Christian, would you not? But no, not I this shows us that there is in fact a lot more to be known about Fettes than we think and he is a very mysterious character we are led to think that he has some kind of deep secret that is maybe very diabolical. We think that the secret could be sinful because he sa ys people think he is a good Christian, followed by But no, not I Fettes expresses little sense throughout the first lucifer of paragraphs until he hears Macfarlanes name, when he suddenly becomes sober and shocked this shows that he has obviously got some hidden facts about him.He shows us that he is full of emotion when he is shown as getting very worried and anxious when he doesnt drink his usual five glasses of rum and couldnt even finish his third gear he proves be very serious. Fettes also turns out to be less wicked than Macfarlane, which is unexpected, when he begins to feel guilty about people being killed for their bodies, he finds himself feeling regretful and scared. He also shows horrified and panic feelings when he sees the corpse of some one he knew, this shows to us that he does have feeling and can show his emotions and express them, he seems to be more respectable person than we first imagined when the narrator begins to make us feel sorry for him, the narrator does this by talking about how fettes didnt realise what he was doing and what was happening and when he did find out, he was horrified and shocked.He also becomes offended when Wolfe go games him money this emphasize the fact that hes a very proud person and doesnt like to be pity and also the fact of how much he disliked Wolfe. We as the readers learn to trust fettes because he doesnt seem like a particularly bad person and he reacts t o events that happen in the way that wed expect a good trustworthy person to react.The undertaker in the story is a mysterious character as not much is told about him and he isnt talked about much, only in the beginning. He shows emotion (shock) when he hears that Fettes knows the doctor do you know him doctor asked the undertaker with a gasp. we know here that the undertaker is shocked and slightly taken back because it says that the undertaker gasped, showing that he was shocked to hear this and wanted to find out how and why fettes knew this ma n. We cannot totally trust the undertaker as we dont know anything about him he could be anyone with any background, good or bad.Macfarlane is also a particularly mysterious character a snot much is said about him at the start and not much is said about his past, for this reason he also seems Un- confiding and when he is described as being bald, dirty, pimpled and wearing an old cloak he doesnt seem the sort of man who you could rust him seems like a bit of a freak and is probably seen as a bit of a threat to other characters in the story. He also portrays many of the characteristics of an worthless man in the gothic genre which encourages us, the readers to feel that he is a threat and has come into the story to create a spooky atmosphere and germinate for what is ahead, he obviously lets us know that Fettes secrets would soon be reviled and the mysteries haunting the characters and questioning the readers would no longer be secrets or mysteries any longer.At the beginning when Dr MacFarlane first enters the pub Fettes reaction this leads us to believe that Macfarlane is not a good person and is probably going to ring bad happenings, Fettes reaction gives us a reason not to trust him and also brings more mystery about him into the story because he is obviously here for reason and this reason is most likely to be about Fettes as Fettes is the only person in the George who actually recognises him name. The doctor shows a lot of emotion when he first sees fettes but also acts in a weird way in a startled whisper,. as though he is trying to hide from someone because he keeps whispering and checking behind his shoulder, acting as thought he doesnt want anyone to know who he is, but is also happy to see fettes I am overjoyed, overjoyed to have this opportunity.He shows that he is offended when Fettes doesnt take the money which is offered a horrible, ugly look came .. this shows he was offended and gave Fettes a dirty look which he slowly got over and made the best of the situation by almost apologising but keeping the offer of money still open to Fettes I will leave you my address however did he says this in case fettes would need money later on? Therefore still leaving the offer open. The Narrator also affects our interprets on Macfarlane by making the reader dislike him even more by his sneering and growling like these were evil things to do also the way in which he is described makes us think that he is evil and just around to cause trouble. When fettes says that man Macfarlane is not caoutchouc to cross those that have done so already have repented it too late this makes the audience feel that Macfarlane is a very dangerous person and that people should stay away from him. He is not trustworthy and doesnt seem like a nice person.Gray or the stranger is a mysterious character as he is described as strange all we know as the audience is that he is one of MacFarlanes friends, we cant trust him as he is described as course, vulgar and stupid which is an affect that the narrator has on the audience view of this character. He shows his emotion by being bossy and disgusting to Wolfe which encourages Wolfe to be more angry and threatening than he is originally. The narrator describes him as a very loathsome rogue, making readers think he again is not trustworthy and not a nice or good person.In the Signal man there are only two main characters, the signal man and the narrator , the signal man and the narrator are both main characters in the story and both of there characteristics can be considered.The signal man is a very mysterious man, when the narrator who is a main character, comes to see him the signal man seems very uptight and worried he also seems very suspicious and looks as though hes feeling guilty about something. We think this because as soon as the signal man here the narrator shouting to him at the beginning he doesnt look towards the narrator but towards the tunnel on the tracks as though something is there that he needs to keep an eye or to signal to whoever or whatever it was in the tunnel to go away, someone is here. The signal mans reaction to the narrator makes I feel very suspicious and worried for the narrator as the signal man was behaving so oddly. We could also have reason to be suspicious when the narrator states .something in the man that daunted me.This is off putting to the audience as they believe the narrator, there for think that the signal man is a threat and dangerous. Although we dont find out much about the signal man we do know that he was well educated and study science, however he wasted that chance. The signal man doesnt show much emotion towards the narrator, its only when he begins to talk about what he has been through and why he looked towards the tunnel when he heard the narrator calling when he shows the emotion of being scared and confused, he doesnt know what is going on so doesnt know what to do about it.We cannot trust the signal man because we dont know who he is and whether when he tells these stories he is telling the truth or lying to try and play the narrator into some sort of trick. However because the narrator is telling the story we are forced into believing in the same views as the narrator has. The narrator is a main character in the story and so is entitled to have a one sided opinion, if he were looking at the story from our own point of view of the signal mans point of view we may see the narrator and the signal man from a new perspective and from a different angle which could change our views dramatically on whether or not the signal man is strange and mysterious and whether he is trustworthy or not.The narrator in the story is also a mystery to us we dont know anything about his background or his life. It is also mystery as to why he went to the railway track and wanted to speak to the signal man in the first place, does it have anything to do with the story line or is it just coincidence? We are forced into trusting the narrator because he is the one telling the story so we believe that he has the answers to everything but in fact we probably shouldnt believe him because he is just as much of a mystery to us as The signal man is, we dont know anymore about the narrator than we do the signal man in fact we probably know more about the signal than the narrator.The narrator shows quite a lot of emotion, especially the end of the story when the signal man is killed, the end shows us that the narrator really did care, not only because he was upset when he found that the signal man was killed but also because even from a distance, and not being able to see what was happening he knew what was going on, it was like something supernatural was going on and he subconsciously knew that the signal man was in trouble and that those words halloa Below there had been said one last time and the result this time was the death of the signal man.The setting in gothic stories is a very important facto r, this is because the setting in a gothic story is what gives it its atmosphere, if the story was set in the summer in the day time on a bright cheerful day, not many people would find it frightening but if the story was set in the dead of night on a long cold winters night an audience would find the atmosphere a lot more spooky.In the body snatchers we are not immediately hit with a description of the setting which creates atmosphere but one which sets the scene, once the scene is set Stevenson begins to create a spooky atmosphere. At the beginning there is a mention of rain, snow and frost which indicate s a dreary setting, the setting cant just indicate the atmosphere but also the moods of the characters, this particular setting portrays the characters as rather weary and lethargic. Stevenson makes the event seem much more normal so he can build it up further and makes it more dramatic. one dark winter night creates and atmosphere and shows us that its no ordinary night it is on e dark winters night making the audience think it is out of the ordinary, it had struck nine this emphasises the fact that it is late and getting dark.This shows a sense of mystery, which builds up suspense deep down the audience. It creates an eerie feeling and also highlights the fact the characters are in a dreary mood, a sense of insecurity that something is going to happen. An inn gives us an mentation of normality and security, the loud of an inn highlights a friendly, welcoming place. There was not much light in the George which gave us a mysterious feeling, a dark and dreary sense of insecurity. The presence of so many witnesses at the George shows that there was a lot of people in the inn and the fact that there was a big red fire and candles gave a sense of warmth and security and makes the audience feel that they are in a cosy, safe environment this makes the setting seem less frightening, Stevenson could of done this so that when something big and frightening did hap pen it would seem a lot more dramatic. At four in the first light this indicates the beginning of a new story.The time gives a feeling of mystery, darkness and suspense it leads the audience to feel curiosity. Later on in the story when things begin to pick up and settings are describe in much more detail which creates a lot more spookiness for the audience and makes the plot more frightening. Stevenson uses the settings to create a sense of insecurity and to make the story seem more dramatic and increase tension and fear. the lights, the fire, the beating rain upon the window, the cold incongruous work that lay before them this for instance emphasises the fact that it is winter and the wind is howling, it creates a gloomy atmosphere and makes the reader tense and in fear of what is to come next.The setting in the signal man is less spooky than that of the body snatchers although it also portrays most of the gothic story characteristics. The signal man is set in a remote place in t he middle of the countryside in a deep trench where little people go or visit, the signal mans only community are the trains that pass him every so often. The fact that there is a very dark tunnel lose by adds to this sense of spookiness and gives the audience ideas and superstitions as to why he keeps looking at this dark, black hole.The setting in the signal man doest change in the ay that the body snatchers does and isnt focussed so much on making the story frightening by the atmosphere, settings and surroundings but by the supernatural presence which is in the air, this is what the author uses to make the story gothic and frightening, he know that this will scar the readers because at the time when the story was written supernatural beings and happenings were very popular and believed it to a large extent, this made the setting of the signal man that bit more believable and realistic, increasing how dramatic it was therefore making it more and tense and frightening.The dustup used in gothic stories is always very important because it describes things happening helping to build tension, suspense and fear to the stories.In the body snatchers the language is very formal, 19th century language, sometimes Archaic language is used in places e.g. begone, where I cast it, lucre this adds to the atmosphere of the gothic century. The verbs which Stevenson uses suggest strong emotions especially of fear and wickedness staggered, startled, dashed, fled, cried, contemn and desecrate, forced, torn , leaped and terrified all of these make the emotions stand out more in a gothic way. Stevenson also tended to use descriptive and nominal groups often to suggest the terrifying or evil for example disreputable vices, fleeting infidelities, sudden emotion, gasp, awful pause abdominal ruffians.The language is always used to set the scene, for example, one dark winter night. It is written in formal language and there is no slang. The language used is very descriptive and app earances are described in detail his eyes awoke his voice became clear, loud and steady. When a character says something, the author Robert Louis Stevenson describes how they said it and often uses other verbs such as cried or repeated this brings phase into the language which he uses and keeps the audience a lot more interested in the story.He uses lots of descriptive language. Theres more adjectives and descriptive writing than dialogue which heightens the suspense, also helping to create a picture in the readers mind.Stevenson uses lots of dramatic language to increase suspense, a horrible sense of blackness and the imposition of fate seized hold upon the soul of a unhappy student the language is also very tortuous which adds to the marrow and makes the story more spooky.Gruesome language and alliteration towards the end makes the story more dramatic e.g. despise and desecrate, world of wet.Corpses are described in many different ways tragic burden, gruesome packages this ad ds variety and also makes it more gruesome than it already is.Stevenson seems to like using similes they make things more realistic as if a man had risen from the dead, as two vultures may swoop upon a dying lamb all of these also makes the story more personal and makes it easier to imagine.The language in the signal man is formal and not much slang is used, this makes the story more realistic. There is lots of descriptive writing for example . A clammy stone which became oozier and wetter as I went downDickens tends to use rather complex language which could confuse the character but does show that it is a rather complex story line which it is and questions are left unanswered e.g. precipitate, terminating, barbarous, perused, and saturnineNot so much gruesome language is used in the signal man because it is not a tale of wanness but one of the supernatural beings, there is no need for gruesomeness but for using the supernatural region to scare readers and make them feel threate ned, uptight and to build tension.Dickens chooses the words he uses to describe things very carefully as to get the full effect of what is trying to say into words. This helps the audience to imagine what is going on, dickens does this well as it is very easy for the audience to imagine what is going on in the story and picture what is going on in their minds.Overall I would say that both The Body Snatchers and The Signal Man create fear and suspenseThe body snatchers is a story based on true people , Berk and Hare, which make it more believable and realistic and the way that it is written helps to create fear and suspense and to fit into the gothic genre of story writing. It successfully creates fear using its gruesome similes and metaphors, the story line and how the characters are so unpredictable and mysterious you get worried as to what the characters are going to do next and what other dark secrets they are going to pull out of their closets. The way that Stevenson opens the s tory is good because it is innocent and creates a more dramatic build up, suspense making the audience tenser and making them want to read on in fear of what might happen.The Signal Man is very different to The Body Snatchers this is because it is based on a completely different aspect of gothic writing, not the gruesomeness but the supernatural side of gothic writing. This could be seen as more frightening than the body snatchers because supernatural beings were know as being evil, the devil or for having powers which could not be defeated by any human being. The Victorian period was known for having a deep interest supernaturalism which makes the story more realistic to people of that time. Suspense is create well in the story because we as the audience know that the being is going to appear three times but the narrator doesnt so the audience are sat waiting for it to happen while the characters ponder on what is going on, it creates a lot of tension on the audiences behalf and al so creates fear.I preferred reading the story of The Body Snatchers because I thought it was a lot more realistic and I could colligate it directly to something that happened in history, Berk and Hare, I also thought that it was easy to understand and didnt leave so many unanswered questions like The Signal Man did, I like a story that has a direct, understandable finish, in the signal man you dont actually find out who or what it was that was calling the signal man because eventually the signal man is killed of and the story is left unanswered, I think it Is much more effective to finish a story with no lose ends because then the reader can be satisfied that a conclusion has been reached.The body snatchers was also a more thrilling read and I think that it created fear more successfully than The signal man this could have been because it was set in different places which were isolated and remote and was also set at night when it was dark, the weather was bad whereas in the signal it was set in the day still in a remote place but no savoir-faire to the weather was made. Overall I thought that The Body Snatchers had a better and more interesting storyline which one could relate to more easily.

Organic vs. Industrial Food Essay Example for Free

Organic vs. Industrial Food EssayHave you ever been standing in the grocery store, undecided on whether there really is a difference between the standard store brand ribeye steak and the complete, grain fed, free range ribeye that apostrophizes twice as lots? Ever had little devil on one shoulder telling you one thing, and the angel on the other convincing you the devil is wrong? Is cost the only thing holding you back from shelling out a few extra sheckles for the much expensive steak? Have you heard about the health benefits of decimateing positive? Then maybe it is time you learned about the true benefits of organic food. In doing so, it may just change your life and gibbosity your mind. Eating industrial foods can cause a bevy of health issues today, such as picture to toxins, as well as leading to diabetes and meaning disease, and choosing to eat organic foods instead will help to resolve those issues. While organic foods be thought to be quite a bit more expensiv e than the standard, this is not always the case. One article quotes Your local food markets will often have lower prices on organic food items than handed-down grocery stores. (Lotich, 2010, para 1).You have to take into consideration that in this day and age, almost any meal that you eat has an organic alternative, or can be prepared by using all organic ingredients. In knowing this, you may actually find that there are a number of other ways that you may go about parsimoniousness some money, while incorporating organic foods into your daily diet. One of those things you can do is make yourself aware of the miscellaneous farms that are putting out organic foods. Most folks think that organic foods are all produced by small, family owned farms.As I very recently found out, some of the most successful organic farms are very large and on a global scale. Take commonplace Farms for example. They are a very successful and very large farm, consisting of over 30,000 acres. Their webs ite states Weve been farming for more than 25 years now, and weve become the countrys largest grower of organic produce, committed to being a catalyst for positive change in our kitchens and our environment (Earthbound Farm, 2012, para 4).Buying from this company not only promotes eat healthier, hardly also supports a company that is looking out for the environment as well. Not only are some of the most successful organic farms mammoth and global, but so are some of the enormous corporations that buy organic food (Whole Foods, Wal-Mart, Safeway and Krogers). That being said, if you can research and recognize some of these brands, what at offset glance may seem like big-box packaging may indeed turn out to be a cost efficient and healthy organic alternative to what one may typically buy in stores today.Thus it turns out, eating organic may not be as expensive as we first thought. In conjunction with steps such as planning your meals ahead of time, organic food just may actually be cheaper general than industrial foods in many instances. Planning meals ahead of time is a smart move. I recently read that When you have a detailed shop list and go to the store with a plan, youre much less likely to splurge on extras or expensive instant meals.And when you have a unfaltering plan in place, and the food has already been purchased, you wont end up wasting money in the drive thru spending your money on overpriced fast food (James, 2008, para 2). This is an issue that I think most of us face from time to time. Being smart can help fasten these unnecessary costs. It is important for consumers to really research organic foods and the cost benefits of choosing to go that route. You can end up eating better, as well as saving money.The healthy benefits of eating organic are yet another good reason to choose an organic diet. Recent studies have shown that The published literature lacks voiceless evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conve ntional foods. Consumption of organic foods may reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (Novella, 2012) That being said, the same studies do show that eating organic foods does reduce the reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.The EPA states that consumers are looking to organically grown and produced foods as a way to reduce exposure to synthetic pesticides (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). That certainly is a reason to make the switch. Also, if you are planning meals as aforementioned, and buying ingredients for those meals fresh, as opposed to meal mixes and urbane industrial foods, then you are also in control of the amounts of fats, sugars, and such that are in your meals. This is also a healthier option. Taking control of what you eat is important.I imagine most people want to control what they put in their bodies, and eating organic foods can help you do just that. Without eating organic foods, y ou can run the risk of leaving yourself open to all kinds of diseases and other health issues. All in all, the evidence seems mounting in kick upstairs of converting to a healthier lifestyle. Eating organic food seems like both a smart, and strong way to making the transition. It is easier than exercising, and in most cases, would probably give a better feeling in the long run.The American College of Sports Medicine advises adults to do moderately intense cardio exercise for 30 minutes a day, fivesome days a week or do vigorously intense cardio for 20 minutes a day, three days a week to get healthy (Kunz, 2011, para 2). Exercising is important as well, but if you are eating the wrong foods, all of your hard work may be for not. So think about making the switch to organic foods. Starting off small can lead to big changes for you and your loved ones. Bibliography Earthbound Farm. (2012, December 6).The Earthbound Story. p. 2012. James, B. (2008, November 20). Five Benefits of Plan ning Meal Menus for Your Household. Yahoo Voices, p. 1. Kunz, M. (2011, October 19). Does Exercise Offset Unhealthy Eating? Exercise Eating Healthy, p. 1. Lotich, B. (2010, December 28). 10 Easy Ways To bear Money On Organic Food. US News, p. 1. Novella, S. (2012, Sept. 05). No Health Benefits from Organic Food. Science-Based Medicine, p. 1. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2012, December 6). Pesticides and Food. Pesticides Health and Safety , p. 1.

Marketing Plan Essay Example for Free

Marketing Plan Essay domain of a function Wide Wonderland is a fundament and amusement greenness business offering world-class experience to families, students and unconnected tourists around Negros Occidental. Being a matter commonalty, we offer a variety of products. And since it is c eithered ground Wide Wonderland, the company leave take you to the different parts of the globe.The geological formations major products would include the World Adventure Coaster, the European Castle Hotel and The Barangay Filipino Museum that house satisfy the customers recreational needs as they step into a whole new world of fun, information and adventure and that will serve as a fresh new way to en merriment the day with your families, friends and co-workers. World Wide Wonderland is renowned for their convenient and strategic location in Talisay City, Negros Occidental of which is a growing city in terms of economy in the tourism industry.Also synonymous be the services that provid e high prices to go along with premium quality and the wide range of other offerings including restaurants, pools, zoos, information buildings, live sites and many to a greater extent that argon available in the parks enjoyable, stress-relieving and safeguarded settings. And through the companys best efforts in promoting the products in print, radio, television, public dealing and personal selling, this will increase the customers in large scales. Having those products, the company aims to provide a globally-renowned entertainment and bring delight to its valued customers especially families, students, and foreign tourists hither in the Philippines.Other than that, the organization also wants satisfaction from its employees and, at the same fourth dimension focus on its environmental responsibilities. World Wide Wonderland has a World Adventure coaster targeting the youth (specifically students) to enjoy a tour like the customers are travelling to different countries around the globe. For its European Castle Hotel, the company targets families and unwinding professionals that wish to guard an overnight stay in the said place.And lastly, the Barangay Filipino Museum that would mainly target foreign tourists so that these people can be informed about all of the facts of Negros and the rest of the Philippines. Differentiating the type of business service offered, from that of the competition, will assist not only in building the theme park as a whole, just will attract more customers, who require a higher level of quality service and recognition than they can receive from other tourist spots. This will provide World Wide Wonderland with an opportunity to step up as regards servicing families, students and tourists with a world-class experience.Satisfied guests are critical to the success of themed visitant attractions. The backbone to having satisfied guests is good management and this is what the company in doing. Unlike most companies, we introduce our cu stomers with utmost care and support services. CURRENT MARKETING space (TRENDS) The theme and amusement park industry has been around for more than 50 years and, like any other industry, it has evolved through the years to table service guests melt from real life, if not for a few hours, at least for a few moments on its attractions.The theme park market has reached maturity and as time passed by. There have been many trends over the years and as the decades went by, theme park operators began to realize that it was not just thrills that would keep bringing back their customers. Applying themes to their attractions would help as well. Sure, a person could build the fastest roller coaster, but if another person added a theme or story to it then you added a dimension to the attraction that made it unique. Putting a personality to a roller coaster ride thus became a trend that still holds today (Scopa, 2005). single of the trends that caught on was the ac intimacyment that guests co uld easily become bored with an attraction or a theme park. To many people boredom is related to predictability. Many guests love the anticipation of experiencing a favorite moment in an attraction, but there was always that need for adventure that would creep in as well. Nothing is more constant than change in attractions industry. The company is witnessing the transformation from theme place into integrated resorts to cater to staycation trends wherein people would want to stay overnight in a certain place.Parks operators and manufacturers are also employing new strategies to focus on innovation and reinvestment in guest experience to serve increasingly discerning market. Moreover, theme parks take into consideration several parts of the society when making future plans like the socio-cultural aspects. The children, teenage subcultures and their families are increasingly powerful consumers so it is beta that the company gives them world-class entertainment. On the contrary, peop le will grow older that is why we need attractions to encourage and entertain elderly people.Theme parks are an important part of the whole tourism and recreation industry. So they are connected to air, bus and car travel. These types of businesses must react environmentally friendly as far as possible. At least they will have to be involved in environmental organizations and conservation themes. All these parts which are conclusive for the future of the business belong to the Macro environment of the company. Technology is getting more and more sophisticated. This is going to influence theme parks and their attractions in a crucial way.With the growing use of high technology products, theme parks will be constructed around virtual reality, simulations and spectacles creating conditions of hyper reality. Amusement park owners can have cost stiff methods, reach hundreds more people, places photos of the park on their website and offer the ability to communicate with prospective cus tomers in real-time, which consumers really like. Below is the sum-up of the main micro and macro environmental trends in Theme and Amusement parks. 1. Everything will be based on a scripted theme.The attractions reflect the theme and intensify it. 2. A diverse array of components assembled to produce a wide range of experiences. All the senses of the visitors should be attracted. With the help of lots of different attractions, they will grant hundreds of various world-class experiences. 3. Theme parks will be converted into hotels, resorts, etc. 4. As the world changes, theme parks must act in an environmentally friendly way. 5. With the growing use of high technology products and online advertising, theme parks will be more exciting, sophisticated, vivid, and real.An amusement park usually has a wide variety of fun entertainment for the general public. Also called an amusement park, there are many thrilling rides and other activities for the whole family to enjoy. close of thes e parks have rides available, small shops, animal attractions, arcades and lots of places for people to dine and drink. Generally, an amusement park will be at least 200 acres in size. Some of them offer hotel rooms and amenities so that people can stay indefinitely. There are usually fees for parking and admission.A theme park might be available all year long or it might open only during certain seasons. The main point of this business is to regress profits and the business will gain profits through its services offered. Fees from the entrance, food, establishments and sponsors who will be more than willing enough will make tenuous profit so it can have good ROI. About 55% of the income brought in at an amusement park comes from the fees charged for admission. The rest of the profits are a result of the sale of food and products that people buy in the little shops.The profits for these parks depend primarily on how the economy is doing. Most of the rides at an amusement park are operated by computers now, so they are easier to take care of and do not need constant maintenance. This saves an amusement park owner a lot of silver each year. Marketing for theme park owners, on the other hand, can cost a lot of money each year. A lot of these business owners use television marketing, direct mail marketing and radio ads for most of the marketing methods because these are the most effective advertising tools in promoting the business. Channel.The business involves both retail and wholesale but focuses more on wholesaling due to the fact that many other businesses revolve inside(a) the theme park. The business focuses on wholesale to the fact that it sells goods or services to those buying for resale or business use. This would involve selling and promoting, buying and assortment building. other is that many owners of amusement parks have switched channels on theme park marketing and have moved to Internet marketing. This kind marketing involves consumers that a re now online shopping, paying bills, buying products and looking for entertainment and vacation ideas.Profit The average profit mete for amusement and theme parks is at 5. 4 percent. The reason for such a low margin is the high cost of staffing, maintenance, and heavy capital outlay of operating such an attraction (Orlando Sentinel, 2010). The profit margin for these parks would be even lower if it werent for their seasonal hiring. With so many employees needed for administration, merchandise selling, ride operation, food and beverage and mechanical positions, the cost would be even higher if a full staff were kept year-round. That is why most of the theme parks offer prices that are expensive.Cost It is general knowledge that this would take a lot of effort, manpower, and most importantly money. From constructing the establishments and rides, to the food that the park will serve, and finally the people who will help the company bring joy to customers, they are all going to cost a lot of money. So, ultimately this theme park will need large amount of cash to use. vignette QUESTIONNAIRE AND RESULTS (Interviewed 50 respondents including students and adults inside and outside the university. This is a basis of market segmentation).

Devadasi System in India

Devadasi System in IndiaCommonly known as dancing girls or synagogue girls is a system that has come in to existence for more than thousand historic period. When the great tamil kings belonging to the erstwhile Chola, Chera and Pandya Kings built huge temples for their gods, they felt that in that location is a need to maintain these temples in a proper way and thus need full time devotees to take c atomic number 18 of the diety and the temple premises. peerless other angle given to constructing Huge temples are to protect the people from flood, cyclone or any other natural disaster. In other words, temples are meant to be shelter for the people of that area from natural disasters. Hence they appointed girls to maintain these temples. The main function of these girls are to sing and per cooking dances and taking care of the diety. They are considered to be the wives of the gods in the temple in which they are appointed. They are not exclusivelyowed to marry any mortal man during their life time. These girls are held in senior high school esteem as they are considered to be close confident of the god. The dance which they perform is famously known as Barathanatyam the most famous dance form of South India.This practice of dedicating girls to deities are commonly known as Devadasi System and the girls thus dedicated are known as Devadasi which is a Sanskrit word or Thevaradiyar which is a Tamil word that literally means female slaves of the god. As mentioned above these Devadasi are expected to be experts in Music and Dance. As years passed their service shifted from gods to earthly gods and lords . They are forced to do service not only to the deities, hardly also to the landlords and sizable devotees of the deities. In short, they started living the life of a prostitute with religious sanction and customary backing. Initially this system was prevalent only among the upper caste Hindus oddly of the Brahmin community .The British small town of India brou ght major change in the religious and cultural fabric of India. The upper caste Brahmins occupied major positions in British rule and were able to spy the dance performed by Devadasi as Bharatanatyam and were able to give a cultural supremacy for this form of dance, thus bringing out devadasiss to main stream of life. nonetheless, the brahminical Hindu Religion which is known for its Caste imbalances and discrimination against the lower caste sowed the seeds of the system into economically, politically and tenderly disadvantaged lower caste Dalit Hindus. This system started spreadhead its tentacles to other parts of the country in different forms and names such as Bogams in Andhra Pradesh, Jogatis or Basavis in Karnataka, Thevaradiyar in Tamil Nadu, Muralis in Maharashtra, Maharis in Kerala.Dalits dedicated their girls to the Diety mainly because of two reasons one is because of the superstitious belief that it will bring glory to their family and their village, the other one is the economical reason that it is very vexed for the parents to marry of their daughter because of the prevalent dowry system and also if they dedicate the girl to the Diety, their family will be taken care of by the village rich man to whom the girl do the intimate favours in the name of the Diety. Over a period of time, this practice has re benefactioned a clear violation of humankind Rights with these Dalit Devadasis were dedicated with a hidden object of performing sexual favours to initially upper caste Hindus and then they become a public property forcing them to inclose prostitution. They are also not allowed to marry any man of their choice and often fell a prey into the hands of Broker agents representing brothels from Mumbai and other areas. some(prenominal) movementsIndia is a party to a number of Human Rights Instruments like that of worldwide Covenant of Civil and Political Rights 1966, The external Covenant for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966, The world (prenominal) Convention for the Elimination of All forms of racial Discrimination 1966 which advocates for among others, equal rights for women and prohibits racial discrimination in any count. Added to that provincial presents in India has enacted legislation like The Bombay Devadasi coif 1934, The Devadasi(Prevention of Dedication) Madras Act 1947 The Karnataka Devadasi (Prohibition of Dedication) Act, 1982 to tackle this menace of Devadasi System. Ir assessive of this, it is widely reported that this system prevails in some parts of India particularly among the Dalit community.This paper attempts to find out the patch up causes of the system and the reason why this system is still prevalent in India. Accordingly, this paper is divided into four parts, the ongoing is the first part that introduces the topic, Part II deals with the History and Origin of Devadasi System, Part III deals with the Social movements that fought against the Devadasi system, Part IV polls Indias obliga tion to eradicate the system in line with the planetary obligation which it fictional through various treaties and finally part IV concludes with recommendations to eradicate the same.DEVADASI SYSTEM AND VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS STATUS OF INDIAS LEGAL OBLIGATIONDevadasis could face discrimination on terzetto counts viz as a woman, as a Dalit and sometimes as a child. International community has time and again tried to address the issue by way of multilateral Conventions/Treaties making member states to eliminate these kind of discriminations. Accordingly a number of International Instruments are made at the international take aim to address these menace which includes the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant for Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the International Convention for Elimination of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimintion against Women (CEDAW).One of the purposes of the United Nations is to achieve international co-operation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without promissory note as to race, sex, language or religion and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of this purpose. Art 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Art 2 further bestows rights upon individuals without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Similarly Art of the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights 1966, prohibits discrimination of any kind including discrimination based on social origin . Art 2(1) of ICCPR mandates the state parties to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to it s jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present covenant. Art 2(2) requires the state parties to adopt such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rightsAs mentioned above, India is a founding member of these Conventions. However India has not till date enacted any enabling legislation to implement the same in the domestic sphere. Without an implementing legislation Indian courts may not be able to enforce the provision of these treaties in the domestic realms. Needless to word, Treaties are considered to be the main source of international law. When it comes to human rights, treaties play an important role. Human rights treaties have contributed to the development of customary rules and general principles of international law. They create obligations not only among parties but also between parties and individuals. More important, these treaties have become a source of inspiration to many judges and lawyers in their interpretation of domestic legislation. Some international organizations grant their membership only to those states, which. ratify certain human rights treaties. The ratification of human rights treaties demonstrates the ratifying states adherence to civilised standards. As a result, a states credentials in international society depend in part a1 least on the acceptance of and compliance with its obligations under human rights treaties. Thus the ratification of Human Rights treaties by India may be seen as an act to outshow the world that it is a civilized nation thus avoiding isolation in international Human Rights diplomacy.But the non-enactment of a domestic enabling legislation alone cannot be considered as failure on the part of the member state to fulfill the international obligation which it assumed by way of treaty. A state may not go for the enactment of domestic legislation if it is contented with its existing legislative mechanism that the legislation in place are sufficient enough to tackle the menace. In this regard it is imperative to look and analyse the legislative mechanism in India aimed at the abolition of the system of Devadasi. Indian governing bodyal and Legal Provisions relating to Womens RightsIndian Constitution contains several provisions relating to women and children. However equality and freedom has always been neglected in the name .of custom, honour, family welfare and social prestige. Equality that is guaranteed in the constitution of India is a dynamic one. While hoping for the nonpareil of equality, it does not recognise the realities of inequalities. Article 14 of the Constitution recognises equality before law for all citizens without any discrimination. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on causa of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Article 15 (3) says about protective discrimination to women and children and Article 21 says about the tribute of life and liberty to all.The Constitution also ensures protection against traffic in huma n beings and forced labour. Art 42 says about provisions for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. The protection for women in the work place is given in factories Act 1948. It includes several welfare regulations and protective measures for women and children in working places, section 125 of criminal social occasion code 1973 provides maintenance to women. Indian penal code Sections 509, 294 and 354 deals with Eve-teasing and sexual Harassment. The Indecent Representation Of women (protection) Act, 1986 for preventing the depiction of a woman in a manner which is derogating or denigrating to women, or which is likely to corrupt public morality through advertisement. Publications, writings, paintings, figures, or in any other manner. Indian Judiciary was also pro-active in guarding womens rights in general. In some of the leading cases such as In State of u.P. v. Boden Sundara Rao the Apex court came down heavily on the High Court of Andhra Pradesh for awarding grossly inadequate sentence in the following wordsCrimes against women are cm the rise. Imposition of grossly inadequate sentence and particularly against the mandate of the legislature not only is an injustice to .the victim of the crime in particular and the society as a whole in general, but also at times encourages a criminal. The courts must not only keep in view the rights of the criminal but also the rights of the victim of a crime and the society at large while considering importance of appropriate punishment.In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan. The Vishaka, an Organization working for the welfare of the women, moved toSC when a social worker was gangraped in Rajasthan. While deciding the case the Supreme Court brought the international conventions in Indian Law. How they are trying to incorporate it is very healthy understood from the words. . Some Provisions in the CEDAW-Arts 11 and 24 as also general recommendations of CEDAW in this context-articles 11, 22, 23, 24 as ratif ied in the present context are of significant.According to the Supreme Court, Sexual harassment includes such unwelcome behaviour (whether directly or by implication) as (i) physical fulfill or advances (ii) a demand to request for sexual favours (iii) sexllally co loured remarks (iv) showing pornography (v) any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual behaviour.Though the Indian system is quite effective in protecting the Womens rights, it served limited purpose in protecting women who are Devadasis particularly from the Dalit community. Needless to say there were several legislations which prohibited this system and provided rehabilitation for the same.

Phytochemical screening

Phyto chemical coverDiscussion5.1. Phytochemical cover songPhytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicative importance of the plant extract. In this soundbox of work phytochemical screening and quantitative estimation of the chemical constituents of S. asper and L. procumbens shows the presence of assorted metabolites including reducing compounds and supernumerary radicals scavenging compounds much(prenominal) as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, coumarins, tannins, cardiac glycosides anthraquinones, and phlobatinins. Tannins geted spasmolytic activity in calm muscles cells, destitute radical scavenger and antioxidant (Tona et al., 1999). Flavonoids ar poly phenolic resin compounds like quercetin 3-O-glucoside, rutin wealthy person antioxidant and antimicrobial properties duration saponins ar glycosides possessed antimicrobial and inhibit Na+ efflux, by impediment of the entrance of the Na+ out of the cell, reducing congestive hear t failure (Abou-Donia et al., 2008). Various studies revealed that internal and synthetic derivates of alkaloids and have possessed medicinal importance includes analgesic, antisplasmodic and germicidal activities, antioxidant and are useful in renal derangement (Okwu and Okwu, 2004). Our terminations agree with investigation of Sofowara, (1993) during characterization of medicinal plants.The total phenolic circumscribe of genus Sonchus asper and Launaea procumbens was measured development Folin-Ciocalteu method. Phenolics compounds consecrate in fruits and vegetables have received considerable attention because of their potential antioxidant activities (Pan et al., 2008). Phenolic compounds react with phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acids present in the folin-ciocalteu reagent (Amin Yazdanparast, 2007), amino acids, proteins, organic acids, sugars and aromatic amines create interference in determination (Meda et al., 2005 Roura, Andres-Lacueva, Estruch, Lamuela-Ravent s, 2006) but in this investigation, S. asper and L. procumbens were dried before extraction while ascorbic acid was lost during drying process and amino acids, proteins and sugars can be removed from the extraction solvents. Thus, interference from ascorbic acid or various compounds like amino acids, proteins and sugars should be very little. In the present story these plants possessed marrows of phenolic compounds in ranges from (88.32.1) to (432.82.93) mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE mg/g extract) in LPHE and LPME followed by (95.61.7) to (3321.53) in SAHE and SAME respectively. alikely high flavonoids content was found in methanolic extract of Sonchus asper (15.20.76) followed by LPME (13.980.87) mg rutin equivalent/g extract. The presence of phenolic and flavonoids compounds, possess diverse biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-atherosclerotic activities. These activities might be related to their antioxidant activity (Chung, Wong, Huan g, Lin, 1998). Phenolic compounds may contribute to antioxidative action (Duh et al., 1999), inhibitory do on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in humans (Tanaka et al., 1998). some(prenominal) phenolic compounds like tannins present in the cells of plants are inhibitors of many hydrolytic enzymes such as proteolytic macerating enzymes used by plant pathogens. Other compounds like saponins also have antifungal properties (Aboaba and Efuwape, 2001 Mohanta et al., 2007). This oeuvre indicates that the presence of these bio prompt compounds in the various dissevers of plant might be responsible for their antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, allelopathic and cytotoxic activities.5.2. Elemental and nutritional analysis of medicinal plants delirious evolution skyy vegetables play an important role in the diet of inhabitants of different parts of the world. The proximate analysis of Sonchus asper and launaea procumbens shows that their leaves are a great source of coatlic elements , protein and sugar. Due to the possession of these constituents, consumers are more benefited when they use these as a substitute of sugar in various nutriment preparations. These value were found to be comparable with or higher(prenominal) than those of commonly used vegetables such as spinach, lettuce and cabbage. Potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium are nutritionally important, were found in reasonable amount in the leaf. These inorganic compounds play an important role in the maintenance of normal glucose-tolerance and in the release of insulin from beta cells of islets of langerhans (choudary and Bandyopadhyay, 1999). Some other metallic elements such as selenium, zinc and manganese are considered as potent antioxidant micronutrients amplifications immunity and prevent many diseases mediated with oxidative stress and free radicals. Iron is essential element in the synthesis of hemoglobin, presence of appropriate concentration in these plants play important role in nutrit ional dis launch such as iron deficiency anemia (Talwar et al., 1989). analogous investigation was inform by Tadhani, M and Subhash, (2006) during the preliminary studies on stevia rebaudiana leaves for phytochemical and mineral screening. Undoubtedly, there is growing interest in natural sources of nutrients and health-promoting compounds. Within these compounds, polyphenols and antioxidants have special attention, which is understandable because of their role as potential protective and preventive molecules against chronic ailments, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart disease, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, cancer, osteoporosis and in the entire aging process (Aruoma, 2003 Coruh, Celep, Ozgokce, 2007 Dasgupta De, 2004).5.3. Chromatographic evaluation of flavonoidsFlavonoids are rarely present in free in plant extract. These are found in combination as esters, glycosides or are bound to the cell ring. For this reason, before HPLC analys is, hydrolysis of glycosides or esters was necessary, so that phenolic compounds can be identified, since a considerable part is in bounded form. Moreover, BHT, a powerful antioxidant, was added to prevent degradation of phenolic during hydrolysis (Nardini and Ghiselli, 2004). In the present study the thin layer chromatography investigation was justified by high performance liquid chromatogram which reveal that SAME composed of three compounds orientin, rutin, hypersoid, SAEE showed vitexin, orientin, rutin while SABE hypersoid, vitexin. SACE possesses vitexin and SAWE possessed hypersoid still SAHE showed one for hypersoid. Chromatogram of LPME composed of five compounds catechin, orientin, rutin, hypersoid, myercitin. LPCE showed five known compounds catechin, rutin, vitexin, hypersoid, and myercitin while LPEE showed two compounds orientin, hypersoid and LPWE showed 2 compounds catechin, vitexin. LPBE showed 2 compounds catechin and vitexin, while LPHE shows unknown compounds. Results of Gudej and Tomczyk, (2004) Male et al., (2006) are in concord to our study. The TLC results of Poukens-Renwart et al., (1992) showed the presence of vitexin, orientin and aglycone flavonoids in the bagasse and leaf extracts, and in the juice samples, which supports our results.Previous studies indicated that flavonoids were a potent antioxidant agent, quenching radicals, singlet oxygen and henry peroxide (Bourgou et al., 2008). For that, natural antioxidants such as polyphenols are often added to foods to stabilizethem and prevent off-flavor development and have considerable interest for their potential role as functional foods or nutraceuticals (Espin et al., 2007). The tool by which antioxidants protect food from oxidation is by scavenging of free radicals via donation of an electron or a hydrogen atom, or by deactivation of metal ions and singlet oxygen. Gallic acid, for example, has been widely used as additives to avoid the degradation of foods and is known to have anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticancer activity (Soong and Barlow, 2006). In addition, vanillic acid is a phenolic derivative known to possess antimicrobial, anti-filarial and hepatoprotective activities (Singh et al., 2006). The results inform by Ksouri et al., (2009) show similarty with our results during polyphenolic characterization of Tamarix gallica L. using same mobile phase.5.4. Antimicrobial and antitumor potency of extractsThe results of our screening assays justify the use of the investigated plants in the Pakistani ethnomedicine. The findings shows that Gram negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus areus was stamp down by MIC of LPCE (2.5ug/ml), LPME (1ug/ml), LPEE (2.5 ug/ml) and SABE (5ug/ml), SAME (2.5 ug/ml), SAWE (5 ug/ml) respectively while MIC of E.coli includes LPME (2.5 ug/ml), LPEE (2.5 ug/ml) and SAME (5 ug/ml) however Klebsiella pneumoniae growth was by MIC range of LPEE , LPBE , SAHE , SAME were (1ug/ml) and SAEE was (5ug/ml) respectively. In ca se of gram positive bacteria LPME, LPBE (5ug/ml), SAME (2.5ug/ml) showed MIC against Micrococcus lutes, while atomic number 5 subtillus was moderate by LPBE, LPME, LPEE, SAME and SAEE with MIC (1ug/ml), however LPBE, LPME, SAME and SAEE inhibited the growth of Enterobacter aerogenes with MIC (5ug/ml) respectivelythat the plant possesses MIC of bacteriacide, antifungal and antitumor potential. LPME and LPWE of Launaea procumbens and SAME of Sonchus asper showed activity against E.coli. Staphylococcus areus was inhibited by LPCE, LPME, LPWE and SABE, SAME, SAWE respectively. Fractions of Launaea procumbens including LPHE, LPEE, LPME, and LPWE markedly inhibited the effect of Klebsiella pneumoniae while SAHE, SAME, SAWE showed inhibition against them. Bacillus subtillus was inhibited by LPBE, LPME, LPWE and SAME, SAWE while Micrococcus lutes and Enterobacter aerogenase was instructionled to by LPME, LPWE, SAME and LPWE, SABE respectively. Our MIC results agree with results report ed by Ndhlala et al., (2009) during characterization of Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and mutagenic investigation of the South African tree aloe (Aloe barberae). Narod et al. (2004) reported that antibacterial activity of hexane, methanol and water extract of leaf and stem of Toddalia asiatica were active against Gram-negative and Gram positive bacteria. They found that the MIC of methanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus was 2 mg/ml.Duraipandiyan and Ignacimuthu, (2008) reported the same results during screening of antibacterial activities of various fractions of traditional medicinal plant, Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. The MIC values of the Flindersine compound uninvolved from same plant against bacteria Bacillus subtilis (31.25 ug/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (62.5 ug/ml), Staphylococcus epidermidis (62.5 ug/ml), Enterococcus faecalis (31.25 ug/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (250 ug/ml) respectively. Algiannis et al. (2001) proposed a categorisation based on MIC values of ant ifungal activities of extracts, where extracts with MIC up to 500 ug/ml are considered as strong inhibitors, 600-1500 ug/ml as moderate inhibitors and those with MIC values in a higher place 1600 as weak inhibitors. In this study replicate results of antifungal show that all fractions showed some extent of antifungal activity at 200 ug/ml concentration of various fractions, however growth of Aspergillus niger was markedly inhibited by methanolic and ethyl acetate fraction of two plants, while F.solani was inhibited by butanolic, methanolic and water fraction of Launaea procumbens and Sonchus asper. Similarly Aspergillus flavus was inhibited by butanolic, methanolic, water fraction of Launaea procumbens and while water fraction of Launaea procumbens, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of Sonchus asper showed siignificant growth inhibition respectively. These results suggest that methanolic extracts of Sonchus asper and Launaea procumbens were more efficient to inhibit bacterial growth than fungal one, probably in relation to their active molecules. Several studies attributed the inhibitory effect of plant extracts against bacterial pathogens to their phenolic composition (Baydar et al., 2004 Rodriguez Vaquero et al., 2007) and might be presence of saponins which have antifungal properties (Aboaba and Efuwape, 2001 Mohanta et al., 2007). Kabuki et al. (2000) reported that the antimicrobial spectrums of the crude(a) catechins were more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. This tendency of tannin could be explained by that the structures of cell envelope, including cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall component, are different between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer(a) membrane surrounding the cell wall, which restricts diffusion of hydrophobic compounds through its lipopolysaccharide covering. Without outer membrane, the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria can be permeated more easily and tannins can disturb the cytoplasmic membrane, disrupt the proton motive force (PMF), electron flow, active transport and coagulation of cell contents (Burt, 2004). Therefore, the structural difference of bacteria plays an important role in their susceptibility.Crown-gall is a neoplastic disease of plants, in which autonomous plant tumor cells are produced from normal, wounded plant cells by the action of bacteria-borne tumor inducing plasmids. The method is independent of antibiosis (Fadli et al., 1991). It is caused by a special strain of Gram-negative bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Pelczar and Reid, 1965). As certain mechanisms of tumorigenesis, such as the intracellular incorporation of extraneous nucleic acids, are common in both plants and animals (McLaughlin, 1991), the fundamental concept of developing this method was that the antitumor drugs might inhibit the initiation and growth of tumors in both animal and plant systems. Data of the present study reveal that all fractions of L.procumbens and S.asper show antitumor activity with exception of water and chloroform fractions of S.asper however methanolic fraction of L.procumbens with IC50 (130.2 g/ml) and S.asper (451.7 g/ml) were markedly control crown-gall tumor formation and their IC50 value is near to control indicated the use this plant species for the stripe and/or preaching of cancer. Hussain, Zia and Mirza, (2007) reported that methanolic extract of Fagonia cretica L. shows potent antitumor activities as compare to control, which supports our results. The results documented by Turker and Camper, (2002) DAS et al., (2007) are in accordance to our results. The results of present study supports the traditional usage of the studied plants and suggests that some of the plant extracts possess compounds with antimicrobial and anticancer properties that may be used as antimicrobial and anticancer agents in new future drugs for the therapy of cancer and infectious diseases caused by pathogens.5.5. Phototoxic and cytotoxicity effects of plansCytotoxicity screening models provide important preliminary data to select plant extracts with potential antineoplastic properties for future work (Cardellina et al., 1999). In the present study the order of LD50 of brine shrimps LPBE LPME LPEE LPHE LPWE LPCE and SAME SABE SAEE SAWE SAHE SACE was reported. Our results showed that the brine shrimp survival is inversely proportional to the concentration of the extract used. The extracts with LD50 values higher than 200 mg/l in the brine shrimp test can be considered inactive (Anderson et al., 1991), but in the present study al to the highest degree all of our extracts possesses LD50 less than 200 mg/l and are markedly effective in removing foreign cell and could be used as chemopreventive anticancer, however chloroform fraction of Launaea procumbens, n-hexane and water fraction of Sonchus asper was inactive, showed no significance cytotoxicity activity and LD50 value are greater than 200 ug/ml (200 mg/l).Our results agree with the reports inferred by Hussain et al., (2008) during screening various fraction of Nepeta juncea through brine shrimps cytotoxicity that only water fraction showed activity. Zaidi et al., (2006) studied that methanolic fraction of Arceuthobium oxycedri exhibited 100% cytotoxicity for brine shrimps at high dose level, with LC50 of 8.3g/ ml. its cytotoxicity might be responsible for the damage it causes to this fossil species. Cyrus et al., (2008) reported no correlation between antibacterial and cytotoxic activity during screening of Kenyan medicinal plants. The plant fraction that was lethal to brine shrimp nauplii showed low inhibitory activity against bacteria. From the plant extracts, only Ajuga remota Benth (LC50 Recently scientist have focused to increase the crop production to meet the needed of world population, but unfortunately, crop yield losses every year due to insects and plant diseases caused by various pat hogens (Fletcher et al., 2006), slow biodegration of herbicides (Barnard et al., 1997). To control these shortcomings researchers have focused on allelochemicals and bio-herbicides, produced by plants themselves. The phyototoxic results of all fractions of both plants shows that they inhibited the growth of reddish root as considerably as shoot as compare to non inured control plant. Water, methanolic and butanolic fractions showed marked growth inhibition of root and shoot while n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of both plants showed moderate effects. Our findings showed similitude with results reported by Javaid et al., (2009) that water extract of Withala somnifera and Datura alba possessed some bioactive compounds which importantly inhibited the growth of root and shoot of genus Rumex dentatus L. highly competitive weed in wheat during allelopathic screening. Similar investigations was found by Kordali et al., (2008) that essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutid ens and their phenolic compounds completely inhibited the growth of seedling and roots and possessed antifungal activity when compare to standards compounds.5.6. Scavenging of free radicals and medicinal plantsOxidation is a necessary process for human beings for energy production however during normal metabolism oxygen consumption, through many enzymatic systems produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide. In small amounts, these ROS are beneficial in signal transduction and growth regulation. However large amount of ROS produced oxidative stress, attack many molecules such as protein, DNA and lipids (Halliwell Gutteridge, 1999).Human beings possessed a system of antioxidant enzymes which scavenge and terminate directly ROS radical-mediated oxidative reactions they may be used a method of prevention of aging-associated diseases and health problems. In addition to antioxidant enzymes, non enzymatic compounds also t ake part in removing of ROS such as vitamin c, vitamin E and -topherol in addition to exogenous antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols. This has led to an accelerated search for antioxidant compounds, the identification of natural resources, and the isolation of active antioxidant molecules. Antioxidants have been detected in a number of agricultural and food products including cereals, fruits, vegetables and oil seeds (Adom, Sorrells, Liu, 2003 Netzel, Netzel, Tian, Schwartz, Konczak, 2007 Yu, Perret, David, Wilson, Melby, 2002). Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and propyl gallate (PG) have been widely used as antioxidants in the food industry (Nawar, 1996). However, the safety of these synthetic antioxidants has been questioned. BHA has shown to be carcinogenic and BHT has been related to internal and external hemorrhaging at high doses in rats and guinea pigs (Ito et al., 1986). These findings increased the inter est of consumer in natural food additives for effective use of goods and services of antioxidant compounds as alternative source for scavenging of antioxidant compounds. Data of the present study revealed that various fractions of both plant show marked scavenging potential. Among them methanolic fraction of both plants indicated that this is more active in scavenging of 1, 1-diphenyl 1-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2,2 azobis-(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid), reduction of reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) and inhibiting the oxidation of linoleic acid and subsequent bleaching of b-carotene. Similarly superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide most reactive and induces severe damage to adjacent biomolecules are scavenges effectively, as well as possesses a good metallic reducing and iron chelating properties. Our result shows similarity with the investigation of Hagerman et al. (1998) and Falleh et al., (2008). The results obtained by Duenas et al., (2006) and Kilani et a l., (2008) also support our investigations.5.7. Free radicals and castrates of body and tissue weightinessThe present study revealed that highly significant variation was observed in body weight and % increase in body weight. CCl4 and KBrO3 sermon of rats significantly lesseningd the body weight as compare to the non hard-boiled control group. Okada et al., (2003) reported the significant decrease in the body weight of rats by oral brass of CCl4. These results are in accordance with Lin and Lin, (2006) that CCl4 treatment causes a significant decrease in the body weight of the rats as compared with control rats. The results of Noyan et al. (2006) were also similar to our findings, in which they find the significant decrease in the body weight of mice groups treated with CCl4 intraperatonialy. Khan and Ahmad, (2009) reported that the treatment of male rats with CCl4 for 16 weeks caused a significant loss in the body weight, which was restored by methanolic extract of Digera mur icata. These studies justify the decrease in the body weight of rats due to CCl4 and KBrO3 which was significantly recovered in the present study with the treatment of various fractions of Sonchus asper and Launea procumbens. Our result opposes to the findings reported by Farombi et al., (2002) that KBrO3 treatment to rat decreases the body weight non significantly as compare to control group. Cadenas and baria, (1999) reported that 80 mg/kg b.w. KBrO3 administration for 8 hours in rats non significantly decreased the body weight as compare to control rat, but our results controverses than these findings due chronic administration of KBrO3 as well as kidney weight of the rats was significantly increased when compared to control. This increase of tissue weight was balanced by administration of Resveratrol, Meltonin, vitamin E and PBN .Data of the present study revealed that tissue weight of various organs was increased in the CCl4 and KBrO3 treated rats as compared to control groups and DMSO treated rats. These increases were significantly ameliorated by post-treatment of various fractions of Sonchus asper and Launaea procumbens. Lin et al., (2008) injected 20% CCl4 for six weeks twicely, reported that liver and short temper weight was significantly increased as compared to control. They studied that these elevation was significantly restored by feeding rats with 200-1000mg/kg b.w. Solanum nigrum plant extract. Jodynis-Liebert et al., (2008) reported that Aquilegia vulgaris extract attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and increase of liver weight in rats. Farombi et al., (2001) reported that a single dose of KBrO3 (300 mg/kg b.w.) insignificant changes the liver weight, as was compared to control group rats.Results of Adewole et al. (2007) are also in accordance to our study, in which CCl4 treatment significantly increased the weight of the kidney as compared to control. Our result was supports by treatment of rats with KBrO3 three times a we ek for 4 weeks resulted significant increase in kidney weight as compared to control rat which was modulated by biflavonoid (kolaviron) isolated from Garcinia kola (Farombi et al., (2001). Administration of various concentration of in the Big Blue rats showed that high doses of the chemical caused significant decreased in body weight while kidney of the rats was significantly increased when compared to control, however less amount of dose showed insignificant variations prove that low of amount of KBrO3 is not toxic as well as mutagenic (Yamaguchi et al., (2008). Decrease in body weight with CCl4 and KBrO3 treatment in this experiment might occur due the degeneration/necrosis of body tissues while increase in the weight of various tissues accounts due to the fatty accumulation, lipidperoxidation as well as fibrosis and inflammatory response of the organs. Response of the cells might change and adaptation increase by the protective effects of the rutin and various fractions, results in the recovery of the bodily and organs weight.5.8. Serum marker enzymes and oxidative stressThe areas of dietetic modification and chemoprevention show considerable effective approaches for oxidative stress and are a focus on the research of these days. It has been found that some edible plants as a whole or their some portion have protective effects against various disorders including oxidative stress and cancer (Aruoma, 2003). Various studies have shown that some(prenominal) mutagens and carcinogens cause generation of oxygen free radicals, which play a major role in emergence of cancer especially promotion stages of carcinogenesis (Sun, 1990).We are of the sentiment that for the assessment of protective effects of pure chemical or extracts, it is more important to change the response of the cells rather than priming the cells against the insult. On this base rats were treated with CCl4 (3 ml/kg b.w.) and KBrO3 1 ml/kg b.w. (20 mg/ml) and after 48 h with various fractions of S. asper, L.procumbens and rutin.In the present study, biweekly treatment of CCl4 and KBrO3 for 4 weeks resulted in acute pathological levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH and lipids profile in serum. It was suggested that CCl4 and KBrO3 metabolites through lipid peroxidation of hepatocytes cause acute injuries, cell membrane integrity was altered and the enzymes in hepatocytes leaked out. Similar elevated enzymes activities were and changes in lipids profile observed by (Sreelatha et al., 2008) in serum of rats treated with chemicals and these levels relapsed towards the normal level in rats treated with CCl4 plus rutin and various fractions of S. asper and L.procumbens. Similar investigations were reported by Singh et al. (2008) while working on hepatoprotective effects of potato peel against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in rats. Farombi et al., (2002) studied the protective effects of kolaviron against KBrO3 induced hepatotoxity and nephrotoxicity in rats, repoted that kolaviron significa ntly reversed the enzymatic changes of serum level.Serum albumen is the predominant serum protein, which reflects the synthetic function of the liver. Data of the present study reflected that CCl4 and KBrO3 intoxication produced a significant reduction in albumin serum levels compared to control group similar to other findings (Venukumar and Latha, 2002). In the present study administration of rutin and various fractions of plants produced a significant increase in protein and albumin level. This coincides with the other studies (Dang et al. 2007 Lin et al. 2008) where plant extracts had reversed the protein and albumin towards the normal level.Bilirubin is a brownish discolour substance found in bile produced during old RBCs breakage. Total and direct bilirubin tests are used for identification of liver damages. Increased levels of total or direct bilirubin may be due to jaundice, liver tubes blockage or bile ducts, cirrhosis. Our results showed that CCl4 and KBrO3 significantly (PS. asper and L. procumbens as well as rutin. Same result was reported in other studies (Rafatullah et al., 2006). Similar investigations were reported by Singh et al. (2008) and Sreelatha et al., (2008) while working on hepatoprotective effects of extracts against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in rats. Results of different studies have shown that various enzymatic and non enzymatic systems have been unquestionable by eukaryotic cells to cope with oxygen free radicals (Recknagel et al., 1989 Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2000). However when oxidative stress is developed then the defense system become insufficient (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2000). Medicinal plant materials also composed of different amounts of antioxidants which play main role in positive various pathological condition including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases and lipid peroxidation (Martin et al., 1993, Agbor et al., 2001). These results indicated that various fractions and rutin are helping in response and adaptation of the hepatocytes possibly via the presence of flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins in various fractions.Urine analysis may provide information regarding the status of kidney function and acid base balance (Free and Free, 1972). During normal condition urobilinogen are not excreted into the urine unless any pathogenesis. Urobilinogen is the end product of conjugated bilirubin after it has passed through the bile ducts and been metabolized in the intestine. The presence of high levels of urobilinogen, urea, creatinine and albumin in urine are the main indication of kidney injuries induced through CCl4 and KBrO3 treatment (Pels et al., 1989 Farombi et al., 2002 Ozturk et al., 2003 Ogeturk et al., 2005 Simerville et al., 2005). Specific gravity and pH of urine correlates with urine osmolality and was affected with chemical administration (Khan et al., 2009).Our results showed that CCl4 and KBrO3 significantly increased serum urea, serum globulin, RBC and WBC showi ng renal injuries. Glomerular haematuria is typically associated with erythrocyte cases, dysmorphic red tide rip cells and significant proteinuria. The serum creatinine level does not rise until at least half of the kidney nephrons are damaged or destroyed (Bhattacharya et al., 2005). The glomerular capillary wall is permeable only to substances with a low molecular weight. Once filtered, low-molecular-weight proteins are reabsorbed and metabolized by the proximal tubule cells. High level of proteinurea and haematuria in urine of this study showed the nephrotoxicity induced with CCl4 (Ogawa et al. 1992). The present study revealed that oral administration of different fractions significantly improved creatinine and urobilinogen, and decreased the elevated levels of proteinuria and haematuria.Present study revealed that administration of KBrO3 and CCl4 caused marked impairment in renal function along with significant oxidative stress in the kidneys. Serum creatinine, urobilinogen, B UN, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin concentrations were significantly higher in the CCl4 treated rats which are consistent with lower creatinine clearance (Adewole et al., 2007 Bhadauria et al., 2008). Rutin and various fractions of L. procumbens and S.asper signifi

Social Phobia and Perfectionism: Theories, Types and Models

Social Phobia and Perfectionism Theories, Types and ModelsContents (Jump to)AbstractChapter 2 Epidemiology of Generalized and Specific Social PhobiaChapter 3 Etiological Hypotheses and FindingsChapter 4 The Behavioral Models of Social PhobiaAbstractDerived from the Greek word for idolize, a phobic disorder represents a fight or race response that is described by the Ameri stop Psychiatric Association as an uncontrollable, irrational and persistent tutelage of a ad hoc object situation activeness (Phobia King, 2006). Social phobia, which is cognise as phobia des situations complaisants, was first termed by Pierre Janet (1903) whereby he described patients that demonstrated and or had a fear of cosmos notice as they were either speaking, writing or performing former(a) functions.Hurka (1993, p. 3) tells us that perfectionism is a moral theory (that) starts from an account of the good life Hurka (1993, p. 3) goes on to add that the good life develops gay besity prope rties to a high degree and or therefore realizes what is important as well as central to human nature. The history of perfectionism offer be traced back to Aristotles conception of eudaimonia, the good life, and his belief that political structures and politics should thus promote this in its undivideds (Aristotle and Irwin, translator, 1999, pp. 1-4). Other noned individuals throughout history noted for their devotion to perfectionism in varied forms ar Thomas Aquinas, Francis of Assisi, Clement of Alexandria as well as Jesus who stated in his Sermon on the Mount said Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect (MainBelieve.com, 2006).The dictionary checks perfectionism as a tendency to repair rigid high standards of personal performance (free dictionary.com, 2006). In psychology, perfectionism represents the belief that this is n untimelything which should be strived for and in its pathological hotshot it represents the unhealthy belief any thing that is not perfect is unacceptable (coping.org, 2006). It also represents not making mistakes and striving to be the best, as well as the attitude that what one attempts needs to be do perfectly and a habit that is developed in ones youth retentiveness one consistently alert to imperfections as well as weaknesses and failings in ones self as well as others (coping.org., 2006).This paper shall examine these dickens atomic number 18as, delving into their individual specificities as well as linkages and commonalities, uncover opposing views concerning the diagnosis and births of these griefs and the views which seemingly shargon many similar aspects.The term, phobia, is primarily classified by psychiatrists and psychologists into three basic categories (Bourne, 2005, pp. 33-42) (Kessler et al, 2005, pp. 629-640)Social PhobiasSpecific PhobiasAgoraphobiaIsaac detects (1969, p. 362) advises that the syndromes representing shyness, neighborly anxiety along with brotherly a voidance had been described as early as Hippocrates. Marks (1969, p. 362) inform that individuals with this affliction through bashfulness, suspicion, and timorousness, testament not be seen abroad, he d are not come in company, for fear he should be misused, disgraced, overshoot himself in gestures of speeches he thinks e really man observed him Marks (1969) views and analysis is amplified by Heimberg et al (1995, p. 96) who state that individuals having this affliction cause excessive fear of creation humiliated or judged negatively in cordial or performance situations.Juster et al (1996, pp. 403-410) state that perfectionism is linked to kind phobia and is also related to anxiety as well as depression. Frost et al (1990, pp. 449-468) Multidimensional Perfectionism scurf assesses perfectionism in terms of it being a phenomenon that consists of three segmentsSelf oriented,is described as the tendency for a person to seek as well as set high self standards concerning per formance,Other oriented,is the tendency for a person to expect others to be perfect in their performance(s),Socially electropositiverepresents the tendency that a person expects others to think and or believe others expects them to be perfect in their performance.Frost et al (1990, pp. 449-468) define perfectionism as a affection that entails excessive self criticism that is associated with the setting or belief in higher personal standards and the allied concern of meeting expectations on a hearty level. The preceding also includes the tendency for excessive self criticism that is associated with their higher personal standards as well as their concerns for meeting what is, in their internal view, sociable expectations, along with the excessive focus concerning organization as well as neatness and doubts with regard to their effectiveness in their actions (Frost et al, 1990, pp. 449-468).The preceding describes the inter relatedness between affable phobia and perfectionism that will be explored herein which shall examine each aspect and their links. Perfectionism has roots in aspects of social phobia, as well as the reverse being true. These two afflictions sometimes are present in individuals having social anxiety and are normally schools that contribute their roots in early childhood. In examining these two areas, attention shall be paid to their individual diagnosis areas, signs, conditions and foundations, as well as the linkages between the varied forms of social phobia and perfectionism. This examination has been organized to set forth the preceding via segmenting the foregoing into areas that identify and explain the aspects of social phobia as well as perfectionism revealing the foregoing linkages and commonalities.The Diagnostic and statistical manual of Mental Disorders (2000, pp. 154-156) defines social phobia as a persistent and marked fear of one or more performance and or social situations whereby an individual is exposed to people that are unfamiliar and thus subject to scrutiny by others whereby the person in question thus feels (fears) that they might or will act in much(prenominal) a manner, and or exhibit anxiety, which will either be embarrassing and or humiliating. The preceding concurs with Heimberg et al (1995, p. 96) who stated that individuals having this affliction experience excessive fear of being humiliated or judged negatively in social or performance situations. Social Anxiety Disorder represents the deuce-ace highest mental health flush line of work globally and afflicts an estimated seven percent of the worlds population at any given point in time, with a thirteen percent chance that it will affect any one of us during our lives (Social Phobia / Social Anxiety Association, 2005).The Diagnostic and statistical manual of Mental Disorders (Social Anxiety Institute, 2006) defines social phobia asA persistent fear of either one or more performance and or social situations whereby an individual i s exposed to dominance scrutiny by unfamiliar people and that they, the person in question, will act in a manner, and or lay out anxiety symptoms, which will be either humiliating and or embarrassing.That the exposure to the situation in almost all situations results in anxiety that stick out and usually does take the form of what is termed as being based upon situations and thus pre-disposed or bound Panic Attack.The individual experiencing the symptoms of social anxiety recognizes that they attain a fear that is excessive and or unreasonable.The feared situations are thus avoided by this type of individual or are endured under intense excruciation and anxiety.The individuals avoidance, distress and or anticipation of the feared situation thus significantly interferes with this persons normal routine, functioning and an occupational and or academic manner, their social activities /relationships, and or they experience a marked distress concerning having the phobia.In those pe rsons 18 years of age or slight the general period of the duration of such an experience is generally six months.That the fear and or avoidance of the aforementioned is not due to the direct physiological effects of either drugs or medications, and or a general medical condition which could be accounted for by virtue of another mental disorder.The preceding diagnostic criteria provide a guideline, however they do not support an analysis and or visit to a mental health practitioner (Ohio State University, 2005). Examples of diagnostic criteria historical facets are described as (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000) patients having a hypersensivity to criticism, along with a difficulty in being assertive, and or low self esteem as well as potentially inadequate social skills.They avoid speaking in front of groups of people, with the preceding potentially leading to difficulties in either work or education.In order to reach a diagnosis concerning social ph obia in children the situation calls for observing their interactions with peers as opposed to observing them with adults, which represents a different context.In reaching and or considering a diagnosis, clinicians should seek to consider what is termed the co-morbid diagnosis stand for by avoidant personality disorder when an individual exhibits generalized social phobia.It has been determined that a high percentage of individuals with social phobia have or have developed alcohol and or sedative abuse that aids them in tolerating social situations, however the preceding is not universally true.Symptoms and characteristics of social phobia consist of one, some or all of the following (Helpguide.org, 2006)avoidance,Whereby an individual will go to commodious lengths to avoid the prospect of socializing based upon the fear that they will by either perceived in an adverse manner or be humiliated. If left hand untreated this condition can accelerate or develop into the condition know n as agoraphobia.Low Self Esteem,Represents a condition which most individuals who are afflicted with social phobia experience and it is marked by the fact that the longer one remains in this condition the more it affects ones sense of self worth.Depression,A common outgrowth of having a social anxiety disorder is that the feelings of extreme anxiety as well as the sense of the lack of control over ones life can very well lead to depression.Alcohol and or Drug Abuse,It has been estimated that one fourth part of the individuals with this condition abuse either alcohol and or drugs usually starting to alleviate the pain and then accelerating into wholesale abuse.Academic and Occupational Difficulties,The condition has been known to interfere with ones ability to function at work as well as academically and can as well as has presented obstacles in these regards.Interpersonal Difficulties,Statistics and studies have determined that as a result of this condition, individuals are prone to be less likely to marry and also have someer friends as well as social support.The symptoms represented by social phobia defer in respect to children and adults as generally represented by the fact that in the earlier stages children tend to fail to achieve their levels, and adults show declines from prior functioning levels (Biederman et al, 2001, pp. 49-57) (Stein, 2001, pp. 28-39). The symptoms as manifested by children frequently are observed as temper tantrums, clinging to parents, crying and interactive aspects such as the refusal to talk to others (Biederman et al, 2001, pp. 49-57). In adults, the symptoms include a number of physical anxiety signs along with manner and attitude manifestations (Bruce and Saeed, 1999, pp. 2311-2322)blushing, nausea, dry mouth, sweating, tremors and other similar types of anxiety indicators,difficulty as represented with self assertion,an extreme sensitivity concerning criticism, negative evaluations and or rejection,an intense soaking up and concern regarding the responses as well as reactions of other individuals, accessiond fears regarding the prospect of being either humiliated and or embarrassed,and the avoidance of situations that cause or bring on fear and or anxietyOlfson et al (2001, pp. 521-527) advise that the diagnosis of social phobia is generally based upon the history of the patient, along with reported symptoms. In keeping with an accurate diagnosis the physician may also utilize what is termed a diagnostic questionnaire which aids in ruling our other possible phobias, anxiety orders as well as major depression (Olfson et al, 2001, pp. 521-527). Screening and testing procedures for adults suspected of suffering from social phobia represents a problematic assessment as some general screeners, for example the Structured Clinical Interview does not include questions that are related to social phobia and such a test can take upwards of twenty-five minutes (Bruce and Saeed, 1999, pp. 2311-2322). In addit ion to the foregoing there are instruments such as the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale as well as the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale which are long and in general are useful more in the measurement of therapy progress (Bruce and Saeed, 1999, pp. 2311-2322). Interestingly, physicians have found that the utilization of a selected group of questions added to a general screening questionnaire has proved helpful in their detection of this condition examples of the preceding are as follows (Olfson et al, 2001, pp. 521-527)Are feeling embarrassed or feeling as if you look stupid among your worst fears?Does the fear of embarrassment cause you to avoid doing certain things and or speaking to people?Do you avoid situations where you could be or are the center of attention?The diagnosis of children takes into account superfluous factors as a result of their age. Such includes the fact that they do not have the options of avoiding most situations which frighten them (Bogels and Zigterma n, 2000). The preceding provides an explanation as to why children are less likely to be able to provide why they are thus anxious. Bogels and Zigterman (2000) advise that thus it is important for physicians to therefore evaluate their capacity concerning social relationships with individuals the child knows, as well as assess their interactions with those in their peer group for signs of social phobia indications in addition to their behavior with and around adults. Examples of the adjective aspects for the preceding entail the utilization of what are termed the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents and Children, the parent completed Child Behavior Checklist and the teachers Report Form (Bogels and Zigterman, 2000).Social phobia differs from shyness in that the former condition causes individuals to avoid the anxiety producing situations by all bureau, whereas shyness can be attributed to a number of broad classificat ions as it represents different things to differing individuals. Crozier (1990, p. 2) states that shyness is not a precise term. It refers to feeling awkward or iridescent in social situations. Crozier (1990, p. 2) continues that shyness is associated with being and or feeling self conscious, the excessive monitoring of ones behaviors and over rehearsal of potential utterances The shy person feels anxious and often appears anxious to others (Crozier, 1990, p. 2). Berent and Lemley (1994, p. 9) state that the word itself is too general to be of much help in identifying a problem and solving it and that shyness has varied degrees of complexity and intensity from extremely mild and applicable in a few situations, to more perverse whereby it can thus be termed as a social phobia. Berent and Lemley (1994, p. 10-11) advise us that shyness and social anxiety are closely related and in both instances as they represent a learned response to social interaction. They go on to explain th at shy and or socially anxious individuals may hesitate to pursue the things he or she is interested in, or even begin to avoid situations that cause nervousness or anxiety. Thus, the spectrum entailing shyness ranges from relatively few instances to actual social phobia. Shyness is not necessarily a criterion for social phobia in that individuals having a social anxiety disorder can be comfortable with certain types and or many differing people however, they feel intense regarding certain specific situations (CNN.com, 2006).Social anxiety disorder is termed as a social phobia, and or as a psychiatric anxiety disorder which entails overwhelming anxiety as well as excessive self mind concerning everyday situations (Crozier and Lynn, 2001, pp. 18-24). Individuals with this affliction often exhibit an intense, chronic as well as persistent fear that they are being watched along with being judged by others, thinking that they might be either humiliated and or embarrassed as a result of their own actions (Crozier and Lynn, 2001, pp. 18-24). The distinction between generalized and specific social anxiety is indicated as those having the generalized type have significant distress with most, if not all social type situations, whereas specific, as the word implies, refers to such situations with specific connotations. Examples of the preceding are evidenced by glossophobia, which is the fear of speaking or performing in public, scriptophobia, which is the fear of writing in public, or paruresis, the fear of utilizing public restrooms (Bruch, 1989, pp. 37-47).Sometimes referred to as anxious personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder is recognizable as a result of a pattern of social forbidding that is pervasive (Mental health Matters.com, (2006). The foregoing description includes feelings of inadequacy as well as an extreme sensitivity regarding negative evaluation, and people with this affliction very often consider that they are socially inept and or u nappealing on a personal level, thus they avoid situations entailing social interaction due to a fear of either being humiliated and or ridiculed. In general, avoidant personality disorder is usually first noticed in ones early childhood and is usually associated with either a real or perceived rejection by ones parents and or peers in that period (Dayhoff, 2000. pp. 29-38). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000) is widely utilized in diagnosing avoidant personality disorder and is identifiable by four or more of the following (Rettew, 2006)Avoidance of occupational activities which involve degrees of significant interpersonal contact as a result of fears regarding criticism, rejection and or disapproval.Being unwilling to get or be twisting with someone unless being certain that one will be liked.Through showing restraint in intimate relationships as a result of fearing compassion or ridicule.Being preoccupied in social situations with being criticized a nd or rejected.By being inhibited in new situations entailing interpersonal relationships due to feelings of being inadequate.Viewing ones self as inept socially, being unappealing and or inferior to other people.Being reluctant to take on personal risks and or to engage in new activities as such could or might thus prove embarrassing.Comorbidity is defined by the American heritage Dictionary (2006) as A concomitant but unrelated pathological or disease affect with in the context of social phobia wets the presence of either one or more such disorders as well as the primary disorder. Schuckit et al (1990, pp. 34-41) state that it represents the disorder that occurred first or the one representing the symptoms that are most dominant, which Klerman (1990, pp. 13-17) refers to as the primary disorder. The critical issues in traffic with comorbidity represents the proper and correct analysis of the varied disorders and understanding which one is the overriding or primary one as well as the order, and impact of the associated disorders in which there are combination and their influences on the patient. Biederman et al (1991, pp. 565-577) indicates that there are several hypotheses which may be utilized to account for the true patterns of comorbidity and critical issuesthat comorbid disorders are not distinct entities, they represent expressions termed phenotypic variability in the aforesaid(prenominal) disorder,that each comorbid disorder is a distinct as well as separate entity,that these disorders share vulnerabilities that are common, represented by hereditary and or psychosocial,that these disorders have a distinct subtype, or genetic variant, and a heterogeneous disorder,that one syndrome represents what is termed an early manifestation, andthat the development as represented by one syndrome can increase the risk of comorbid disorder.Caron and Rutter (1991, pp. 1063-1080) advise that the failure in understanding and attending to comorbidity patterns can thus cause researchers and physicians to come to misleading conclusions thereby creating negative intervention results. Achenbach (1990. pp. 271-278) warns us that the appearance of comorbidity might develop as a result of varied conceptual and or diagnostic models which can result in boundaries between disorders that are inappropriate and can potentially lead to the tendency for comparison of one diagnosis against normal individuals as opposed to other diagnosis. He warns that there is a need for well defined diagnosis in the instance of this occurrence, comorbidity (Achenbach, 1990. pp. 271-278).Chapter 2 Epidemiology of Generalized and Specific Social PhobiaTermed the study of the scientific factors which affect the indisposition and health of populations, epidemiology serves as the logic and foundational basis for interventions that are made in the interests serving public health, along with preventive medicate (Rothman and Greenland, 1998, p. 29). The field is regarded as a cornerstone in the methodology of health research for the public sector and has the reputation of being highly regarded in the field of what is termed evidenced based medicine for the identification of disease risk factors and the determination of optimal treatment in the approaches representing clinical practice (Rothman and Greenland, 1998, p. 29). Morabia (2006, p. 3) explains that epidemiology, in terms of the public, represents a medical discipline dealing with the large scale outbreaks of infectious diseases. Chronicled in Epidemiologia Espanola spanning a period of thirteen centuries, Villalba, a Spanish physician, complied a listing of epidemics as well as outbreaks which helped to define the term (Morabia, 2006, p. 3). Even though the practice extends back to the 16th century, as a scientific discipline it is relatively recent. The mission of epidemiology has historically been to identify determinants of human diseases mostly at the population level (Morabia, 2006, p. 3) , and this holds true today.Epidemiology is prevalent in todays communities under the term Community-oriented primary flush, or COPC) and represents a systematic health care approach that is based upon principles of epidemiology (Rhyne et al, 1998). Usage has demonstrated that COPC, representing primary care, health promotion and preventive medicine has positive community benefits on a global basis (Rhyne et al, 1998). The methodology, Community-oriented primary care, entails the process of seeking to improve the health of a community utilizing the aforementioned principles, public health, primary care and epidemiology, which traditionally has been used to describe the health care system whereby a community and or targeted population is thus the focus (Wright, 1993). The American Public Health Association description of Community-oriented primary care states that it represents a systematic process identifying and addressing health problems of a defined population and that it thu s can be enforced via the resources which are already available within most communities (Rhyne et al, 1998). It, COPC, represents a team comprised of health professionals, along with community members, who work in partnership over a long duration in treating and diagnosing patients in a community in a similar manner as does a primary care doctor, and while primary care physicians are not needed for or in every project, they nevertheless need to be involved in the process (Rhyne et al, 1998).The availability of epidemiologic studies from Europe, Asia and the United States over the past twenty years has permitted a clearer and sharper picture of social phobia with respect to its incidence, severity, prevalence and other correlations (Zucchi et al, 2000, pp. 17-24). The preceding historical base of epidemiologic information helps to provide a comprehensive reference point concerning the age of onset and incidence of social phobia from a broad population cross section. Studies conducte d indicate that social phobia is the most prevalent of anxiety disorder (Carta et al, 2004), as shown by the following postpone 1- Lifetime Prevalence of Social Phobia in theGeneral Populations of Europe and the United States(Carta et al, 2004)The preceding show the lifetime prevalence of Social Phobia of 2.2% crossways the board, representing 1.5% for males and 2.8% for females.Table 2 Lifetime Prevalence of Social Phobia According to Age and Sex(Carta et al, 2004)The preceding Table represents studies conducted in Europe and the United States for the countries indicated with OR representing the degree of associated disorders that were observed regarding frequency in the populations that were not affected by social phobia.Table 3 Lifetime Comorbidity of Social Phobia(Carta et al, 2004)* Where p is less than 0.001The preceding Table represents the rate of comorbidity concerning major psychiatric disorders which were observed in the overall general populations of Europe and the Un ited States, along with the degree of associated disorders (OR) in the reported populations which were not affected by social phobia. The mean age representing the onset of comorbid DE represented 6.5 plus or minus 6.6 years, whereas GAD represented a mean of 4.3 plus or minus 7.8 years later (Carta et al, 2004).In a study conducted by the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, they found six regions in the human genome that very well could play a role with regard to the susceptibility of obsessive compulsive disorder (Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, 2006). The study added to the growing evidence of a genetic basis for obsessive compulsive disorder and thus its inheritability through the finding of genetic markers, or what are termed similarities, in the genomes of individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder as represented by six significance regions within the genome that are on five differing chromosomes which appeared to be linked to obsessive compulsive disorder (Johns Hopkins Med ical Institute, 2006). Dorak (2006) advises us that genetic epidemiology is related to and overlaps molecular epidemiology and that the epidemiological evaluation aims to seek the detection of the inheritance pattern regarding a disease, localize it and find the marker that is associated with its susceptibility. Dorak (2006) states that the steps in genetic epidemiologic research arethe establishment of the fact that there is a genetic component concerning the diso