Business in context

What responses do you have to the reading or video e. G. Fresh understandings, opinions, Insights or questions? What connections does the related additional reading or video have with the required reading or video? How does It reinforce or critique the ideas In the required reading/evolved? This reading presents us the approach of utilitarianism, real life cases that related to utilitarianism, three common mistakes that people usually make when they applying Utilitarianism and the difficulties of measuring utility.Case 1 When Ford motor company was having dilemma of modifying pinto's gas tank or keep the original design, they chose to use utilitarian approach to calculate the utility of tooth options and the result Is cost over benefit, so they chose to risk their customers' lives rather than correcting their poorly designed cars. Case 2 Lawrence summers The director of the white house wrote a memo that proposed shipping wastes form rich countries to poor countries is a beneficial ac tion to world's welfare and he make 4 arguments and I think the first 3 are supported by utilitarianism. Understandings: utilitarianism support that the right action is one that produces the most utility and minimizing the negatives, and the utility that reduced by the action Is not only for the person performing the action but also for all person involved in the action. Question: In the end of the reading it clearly states that health and life is beyond measuring, but Ford company and Lawrence they are putting a price on each person. Is not it would considering as an UN-ethical action? If it is not then I think we are nothing but slaves In this world.In my opinion the additional video is not quit related to the required reading. Peter singer's ethics says that every Individual has their own interests and It Is perfectly normal that we want to spend our money on expensive reduces under our own desires, but it will be considering as ethical action if a person spend money on contribut ing the would instead of buying luxuries. And he also states that the purpose of life is making the world a better place by one's actions and presence. Lecture 2 Required Reading Reference: Shaw, W. Barry, B. & Sandburs, G. (2009). Moral issues In business (1st Asia-Pacific De. ). Melbourne, Australia: Coinage (Kantian ethics). Up 71-78 Lecture 2 Dilation Reading Reference: California Newsreel. (2008, December 2). Health for Sale . Retrieved from: http:// www. Youth. Com/watch? V=Jukeboxes Record a brief description of what the required reading was about. What responses do you have to the reading or video e. G. Fresh understandings, opinions, insights or questions?What connections does the related additional reading or video have with the required reading or video? How does It reinforce or critique the Ideas In the required reading/evolved? Kantian ethics consequences are, and the performer must motive by good wills. An action might looks like an ethical action but if it was motive by self-interests or there concerns then this action will be considering as lack of moral worth (recording to the shop assistant case) Formulate an universal law that applies on all our actions is what Kant wanted.And this categorical imperative rule is the measurement of ethic or UN-ethic. Understanding: After reading this article I realized that everything we do has a propose, if the foundation of the propose is good will then it is ethical, but if the propose is not based on good will then it is not ethical. Question: What if an action is following one's good will but in the same time it might break the universal law? This video is about UN-ethical behaviors of the world pharmaceutical market. 5% of drags were used on 11% of the people who need them and can afford them, But only 15% of drags were used on 89% of people who need them but do not have the money to buy them. And some drags are no longer producing because the people who need them could not afford them, the poor people are not the target of pharmaceutical market. This kind of behaviors is UN-ethical because drags were meant to help people not only focus on making profit, companies ignored the poor is not an action of good will recording to Kantian theory.

Tone Interpretation for a Rose for Emily

Teegan Brock Brad Nelson Luke Ziegler Trevor Magerowski Paul Reid English Comp 2 March 18, 2013 Insane Asylum for Emily The short story,† A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner has a distinct tone that helps depict the overall theme of how a woman unloved by her father falls into the dark treacherous depths of insanity. In the beginning of the story Emily lived with her father. Her father drove away all of the men in her life so she never found love. Also her father was very overbearing and basically the only person that she ever grew to know personally.Her father cut her extended family off from her so she never was very social. Once her father died she was alone. She had no one except her servants and she was very lonely which probably drove her into partial insanity. She was very used to self-pity because her father was a very big man in the community so once he passed away she never had to pay taxes so she was basically exempt from society. After her father die d she started to see more of people such as her cousins that her father drove away when she was alive. She found love in a guy named homer that went south after she found out about his homosexuality.Faulkner does a good job of using a dark tone and making Emily almost seem unsociable and unlovable to a point where nobody wants to be in her life. Homer basically was the straw that broke the camel’s back and drove her deep into insanity. After Emily finds out about her sexuality she goes to the store to buy poison. The tone in the story makes it near impossible to predict what she was going to do with the poison. The store keeper asked her what she needed it for and she refused to tell him and bought it anyway. She then bought a silver toilet set with her initials engraved on it and a complete outfit including a night shirt.This shows her insanity because she is buying him stuff when he clearly does not love her. This in turn might be the reason for her buying the arsenic becau se he left when the cousins came and she clearly was upset about it. Late in the story Emily’s house started to smell horrid and it was disturbing the community. Because, of her social status and her reputation for being the crazy, grumpy old lady the town refused to take action and disturb her. Thirty years passed the smell continued so the town just sprinkled lime to cover up the smell. After she passed away they went upstairs to her room and discovered homers dead body.This story and the overall tone clearly pleads the case of Emily’s insanity because they found her hair on the indented pillow lying next to homers body. This showed that she slept in the bed with him. She hid that body for 30 years and lived with the smell. The authors tone made it easy to depict the theme that Emily was drove into insanity by her father and never being able to find love and be social with other people. To quote the great W. C. Fields â€Å"No doubt exists that all women are crazy; it's only a question of degree. † And in Emily’s case it’s the highest degree.

Drawing from key readings (e.g., Chandler, 1990 Hoskin et al, 2006 Essay

Drawing from key readings (e.g., Chandler, 1990 Hoskin et al, 2006 Drury, 2012) and your answer in part a) and part b), critical - Essay Example The presentation of this information is normally done by a company representative. This mandate normally falls on the manager and he is faced with the task of deciding what ought to be presented and what to withhold. The reporting structure of every company is often standardized and well defined. The methods that are sued in the preparation and the reports that are to be presented are governed by standard rules that are set by the organizations in question. Additionally, the external parties are only presented with the aggregated and summarized data (Chandler, 1990 pg 7). This is in great contrast with organizational managers that need a more detailed report and information. In most cases, the information required can be adopted from familiar formats. The subsequent chapters of the report are dedicated to revealing typical examples of budgets and segment income reports among others. A manager needs to have a fundamental awareness of the processes involved in financial accounting (Hos kin, Macve & Stone, 2006 pg 9). It is also important for them to be aware of the resulting financial statements that are important requirements to understanding the framework used in these distinctive managerial accounting reports. Besides this, managers are also in a position to request for reports that are tailored to only specific tasks that are vital in decision making. These reports are pertinent to assuming a more free-formed format. It is, therefore, important for managerial accountants to be in a position in which they can easily adapt their generalized accounting knowledge in the development of personalized data and reports that are rational and which uphold sound management processes. The information in managerial accounting tends to be focused on activities, products and departments. This information also cuts across a broad range of key functional areas that are inclusive of finance and marketing among others. In most organizations, internal auditing units are referred t o as strategic finance to the wide scope of duties that they perform (Hoskin, Macve & Stone, 2006 pg 9). Managerial accounting information is based on internal specifications that are given for data presentation and accumulation. In this case, the internal specifications ought to be clear, concise and consistent. This means that great care should be taken to ensure that any submitted reports are sufficiently rational to enable the managers to make good decisions. It is also important to replace specific reporting periods with real-time data that will facilitate quick response. On the same note, forecasted outcomes from these real-time data would be vital for planning within the organization. Besides these, cost information should be done in such a way that would mandate managers to focus and be held accountable for their business segments and components. The crucial function of any given manager is to manage and take control over organizational problems (Horngren, Bhimani et al, 200 8 pg 44). This is to mean that every organization has its own share of problems and it is the work of the manager to deal with them. However, this does not necessarily mean that the role of the manager is to deal with organizational problems. Their functions go beyond that. Managing requires one to be adept and have numerous skills set. A manager requires visionary and leadership skills besides having the ability to mobilize both

Mintab assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mintab assignment - Essay Example HSE makes utilization of money matters in assessing the costs and profits of its mediation and in understanding the most extensive financial connection for well-being and security. The primary point of Health and Safety Executive (HS) is to break down the respects between laborers in the four separate segments furthermore to complete the strength of professionals in relationship between them. The Health and Safety Executive likewise asked to do an analysis in relationship between the length of administration and recorded well-being issues, for example, silicosis. Tile, porcelain and precious stone glass commercial enterprise. This study however, will incur and make use of variance test both H0 and H1. The samples associated with variance H1 will have different variances while H0 will have no difference in the variances between the samples. From this perception we realize that if one rejects the alternative if the p value is greater than 0.05, he or she will be forced to reject the null if the p value is less than 0.05 The main objective of this study is to analyse the deference’s between workers in the four different sectors and also to carry out the health of workers in relationship between them as far as Health and safety Executive (HS) is of concern. However, this study constitutes two hypotheses. The first hypothesis is H0 where there is no links in the recorded health of the workers and there is no variance in the health of the workers. The second hypothesis is H1 where there is a link in the recorded health of the workers and there is a variance in the health of the workers. The study will analyse and give justification on both hypotheses to oversee the null perception as far as p value is taken into consideration. In the light of the HSEs concentrate on empowering associations successfully to handle work-related stress using Variance approach, one would anticipate that the relationship will exist between

Baby and Infant Screen for Children with Autism Traits Research Paper

Baby and Infant Screen for Children with Autism Traits - Research Paper Example In a study conducted by Hattier et al. (2011) revealed that children with Autism spectrum disorders had one comorbid identified anxiety syndrome. This study discovered that infants with this disorder had challenges like phobia indifferences, compulsions, movement and vocal challenges, as well as social fear than other normal children. They noted that anxiety is very important for children with Autism spectrum disorders and anxiety among these children affects their social development and social interaction with other children in the society. These researchers mainly examined the occurrence of disobedient or rebellious behaviors among infants with Autism spectrum disorders and unusual development. These researchers used a descriptive non-experimental research design that examines the occurrences of challenging activities among two analytic collections. This kind of research methodology used was significant because this research process was still in the initial stages of improvement (H attier et al., 2011).The researchers used a sample of 2131 infants, with 633 reported with an Autism spectrum disorders and 1498 recorded to have unusual growth (Hattier et al., 2011). The Infant and Baby Screen for Babies with Autism spectrum Traits-Part 3 using the BISCUIT-Part 3 to conduct an assessment of difficult activities within the target pollution. The incidences of challenging activities were assessed along with an examination of the co-occurring elements.

IT Outsourcing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Outsourcing Paper - Essay Example â€Å"IT outsourcing has become a common means of corporate management in the financial as well as other sectors† (Suzuki, 2005, p. 23). Currently, IT is a lifeline for each company and determinedly united with each part of all company’s business, so it does not astonish that service like outsourcing has been extended to IT associated functions, such as development of software and preservation, function of information systems, and organization of networks and servers. The Project Drives or Creates More Revenue for the Corporation: Initially, organizations can anticipate higher-quality services by using skilled and experienced external specialists. It helps to increase more revenue by the way of reducing wages. As the technology development and diversification are incorporated with businesses, more superior abilities are demanded to obtain more sophisticated IT service needs. The primary cause for IT off shoring is reduction of cost. Organizations can discover opportunit y for radical reduction of cost by taking benefit of the wage differences among countries. The Project Cuts the Cost of Doing Business: Secondly, IT service suppliers have benefits in cost effectiveness based on their scalability. Large suppliers can recommend the same kind of services to numerous client organizations in the course of their pool of work and infrastructure. This type of resource sharing creates a considerable donation to the reduction of cost in comparison to circumstances whereby every organization carries out the services by itself. IT outsourcing can cut the cost of operation by way of cutting the cost of premises and other expenses. The Project is Mandated by Laws (Federal, State, County, or Local) or Executive Orders: Like any other project IT outsourcing project also mandated by federal, state, county, or local laws and executive orders. Subsequent to setting the scope of outsourcing, the organization desires to select the vendor with a deliberate assessment an d a comparative assessment of consistency, degree, technology, abilities and potential effects. Lastly, the organization should finish the agreement with the vendor; it is at this time when the task of explicit positions in addition to duties and concrete actions to be taken in opposition to the various types of contractual risks, which is the key to justifying the risks of outsourcing. The Competitor has undertaken a Similar Project: The present quick increase in offshore IT outsourcing has sparked a contest on the costs and advantages of this tendency to the U.S. financial system. If the competitor is using the same project, it will not be much effective for the organizations to perform extremely well. Outsourcing must not be viewed as an explanation in resolving dilemma service areas in the companies. If an inner service part is not performing successfully, by transferring it to an exterior contractor could only increase the problem. So, it is significant that companies that carr ying out outsourcing must be capable to clearly recognize its long term IT strategic guidelines and long term information requirements.   The course of recognizing solutions for a company can be complicated; mainly if the company is not certain about the steps to obtain to create success. To facilitate help in figuring out numerous problems in Global Communications at

Role of HR in developing talent at work in the banking sector (UK and Literature review

Role of HR in developing talent at work in the banking sector (UK and US) - Literature review Example Human resource managers include various tools in recognizing and developing talent in the organization. According to Berger & Berger (2010), the talent assessing tools may include 360- degree feedback; however, the appropriateness and effectiveness of tools used is what matters the most. In addition, coaching plays an important role in the development of an employee’s talent; it can be conducted by a manager or a fellow colleague. Moreover, Morgan & Jardin (2010, p.23) argue that, â€Å"it is vitally important to run talent management like a business in order to drive maximum return on investment in people.† The role of HR has been significant to the organization and an individual as well. In talent development and management, the human resources department ensures that appropriate measures are put in place to ensure that there is presence of the right personnel needed for an organization to succeed (Catalyst, N.d., p. 21). This paper’s aim is to focus on the hum an resources role in developing talent in the banking sector, mainly in the United States and the United Kingdom. 2) Human Resource Role The human resource role concerning talent development begins with the creation of that talent, hence nurturing and developing it. In this talent driven economy, talent- powered organizations are essential; indeed, such talents must be developed and further sustained (Cheese, Thomas, & Craig, 2007, p.46). Talent is normally referred to as a special gift, in this case involving experience, knowledge, & skills of an individual, (Shavininna, 2007, p.159). Therefore, each organization aims at acquiring, retaining, and sustaining such talent, with an aim of achieving organizational goals. According to Collins (2011, p.35), a global war for talent is evident, with global graduates seeking opportunities to develop their skills and experience in oversees countries. In addition, the United Nations data revealed that over 214 million people live away from the ir home countries. In countries like the United Kingdom and the United States, the arrival of highly skilled migrants contributes to higher education through fees. The talent war is aimed at accessing the best talent, with companies offering favorable working environment with an aim of attracting best talent. The banking sector of any country is a vital field; almost all banks in the United States and in the United Kingdom have incorporated human resources in their operations, especially as this department deals with a number of duties concerning the employees, such as training and development. One such bank is the Deutsche bank, which is based in various countries among them the United States, and attests to the human resource importance in its organization, whereby, the human resources contribute to developing and retaining the best talent (Deutsche Bank, 2011). In addition, Standard Chattered Bank in the United Kingdom has incorporated talent development programmes, whereby, attr acting the best talent and further developing it is their main aim, as they believe in building their employees (Standard Chartered Bank, 2009). Success is determined when a company’

Compare the spread of Christianity to the spread of Islam in Africa Essay - 7

Compare the spread of Christianity to the spread of Islam in Africa south of the Sahara - Essay Example Muslims will vote for a politician who shares their religious belief and who will expect that those in power should open the door to those in need. The Pentecostal Christianity spreading in South Africa has been labeled the â€Å"religion of prosperity,† promising financial success by virtue of becoming a Christian—without having to hike to the nearest emir and beg for one’s cause.The Muslim community held a different power over non-Muslims, who were also non-Christians, in more remote regions. The Muslim community traditionally forced them into slavery. The alternative was to join up with one religion or the other. Pentecostalism represents most of the Christian conversion because it is spirit-based and their ecstatic form of worship is easily embraced by South Africans. Initially, jihad in southern Africa took the form of infighting between Muslim communities, at issue over whose religion was the purer. Likewise, the Pentecostal churches frequently split and er ect new churches. As new churches crop up, it appears that Christianity is spreading and eradicating the Muslim community. This creates fear, and reprisal, between Muslims and Christians over an illusion.

Immigration in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration in the US - Essay Example Many Americans are of the view that the growing crime rates in America is caused by the growing immigrant community in America. At the same time, American authorities are not ready to accept the allegations against America’s changing immigration policies. In their opinion, majority of America’s immigration policies remain the same even though the security measures were strengthened because of growing terrorism related problems. In this paper, I argue that racial profiling exists in current immigration policies of America. Immigration to America was intensified in the nineteenth century because of industgrial revolutions in America. â€Å"Majorities of immigrants came during the 1820s - 1890s were mostly from Ireland and Germany. Famine and poverty in Ireland, and political upheaval in Germany brought about five million immigrants† (Immigration and Industrialization in the Nineteenth century). Mexicans were another prominent community which started to migrate to A merica in the nineteenth century because of poor domestic administration, low wages, poverty, increasing population etc in their home country. The proximity of America with Mexico helped Mexicans to cross the border legally and illegally. Moreover, racism was prevailing in America in the nineteenth century which forced them to accept immigrants only from Christian countries and block people from all other countries. â€Å"Racism against the Asians were much worse than anything seen on the east coast and in 1882 the United States even passed a law prohibiting Chinese laborers from entering the United States at all (The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882)†(Anderson). However, the scenario has changed a lot in the twentieth century after the abolitions of slavery and racism in America. Many Hindus and Muslims from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Middle East etc like countries started to migrate to America because of various reasons. These diverse communities never bothered to integrate i nto American culture. They spoke their own languages and celebrated their own celebrations. Thus, American culture started to disintegrate as a result of diverse population. Rouse et al. (2010) have pointed out that â€Å"one of the primary concerns raised by many Americans is that the influx of immigrants has a potentially negative effect on American culture, particularly if these immigrants are not willing to conform to the American way of life† (Rouse et al., p.860). American culture is entirely different from the cultures of other parts of the world. Irrespective of the differences in religious beliefs, people of different religions stayed in harmony in America until recent times. However, the scenario has changed a lot after 9/11 incident. Even innocent and well known Muslim people are undergoing severe harassments in America at present. For example, India’s former president and world famous nuclear scientist APJ Abdul Kalam and Bollywood celebrity Shah Ruk Khan f orced to undergo body scanning in American airports recently. â€Å"It is worth mentioning that when former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam boarded and Air India flight on September 29, 2011 at New York’s JFK Airport, he was frisked twice† (US airport security measures and double frisking of Kalam). At the same time Christian dignitaries from other countries are not facing such harassments in American airports. The above facts clearly suggest that racial profiling is currently going on in America in the name of terrorism. Arizona has

Debate Topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Debate Topic - Research Paper Example Many developing countries had not covered medicines and pharmaceutical products, because of its disadvantages to generic drug research and production. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) should manufacture cheap generic life saving drugs for poor countries or give up their patents to others who want to make generic drugs, because it will save millions of lives, allow development of generic and patent-less drugs, and breed innovation. The poor have the right to free or cheaper generic drugs and MNCs should not hinder them from getting the pharmaceutical products they need. The pros of cheap generic life saving drugs or giving up drug patents are: 1) Millions of lives are saved, 2) Other drug companies can develop cheaper drugs or patent-less drugs that will benefit the public, and 3) Large companies will benefit from innovation, because they will no longer have to depend on their blockbuster products for revenues, and instead, they will be pushed to develop generic life saving drugs. Bo seley reports about Glaxo which stopped Africans from buying a cheaper version of its AIDS Drugs. It is an inhumane act, because South Africa only wants to do something right- to help its own people, which large drug MNCs are not looking after.

A Strategy To Reach The Unchurced Essay Example for Free

A Strategy To Reach The Unchurced Essay Jesus commanded us to go and tell. The passage in Matthew 10 gives us words of conviction, instruction, preparation and finally expectation. We need to absorb this and as we do I believe that it will become clear what we are to do. And ways to reach the unchurch is making strategy. There are many church now answering the call to reach the Unchurch but to how to reach it we will find in the next paragraph. Giving Time The strategy of Sunset Presbyterian Church take the time needed to keep their circle of unchurch friends. Feil states, â€Å"I think everyone on our pastoral staff places a high priority on giving our people the time and the freedom to maintain their connections with their workplace, their marketplace, with nonchurched neighbors and friends. That is a high priority for us. They have to keep that circle of influence, that network of friends. We try to communicate clearly that we want to partner with them in reaching those people for Christ. And the primary way we want to partner with them is make our church a place where those people can come. Not just for some special evangelistic event but any Sunday and to any program or ministry. † (Feil, 2001). Start New Ministry The American Missionary Fellowship(2006) develop new ministries in every community possible using our new evangelistic tool, the Learning Community. A Learning Community is an evangelistic effort to bring together unchurched people with common interests in order to study the Bible and to equip lay teachers/leaders. Start New Bible Study Groups The LifeWay Church Resources ( 2005) Churches will be able to accommodate new people and the return of non-attending members primarily by enlarging the tent (Isaiah 54:2-3) of its open groups strategy through the expansion of its Sunday School ministry. These groups and classes usually are designed to target persons who ordinarily do not participate in church; many of these new units become the entry point for unchurched persons into the church and a relationship with Jesus Christ. This training will also help focus on the need and opportunities to start new churches in locations where people are not being reached by existing churches. Reaching people in crisis One factor is certain about the leaders of these churches that reach the unchurched: they are highly creative in their attempts to reach the unchurched. A Baptist church in West Virginia has a hospital ministry to new mothers, an attempt to reach these young families in their positive crisis. A West Coast Evangelical Free Church has reached more unchurched through its crisis pregnancy ministry than any another approach. And a Wesleyan church in the Midwest offers its beautiful sanctuary to prospective newlyweds at a very modest fee but only if they agree to four sessions of premarital counseling. The lesson is clear: the unchurched are more likely to seek a church at a point of crisis. Innovative churches have discovered ways to have a presence in these crisis moments. ( Rainer,Thom S. ) Welcoming Atmosphere Creating a welcoming atmosphere by encouraging everyone, including the pastoral staff, to wear â€Å"stick on† name tags. They also pass a â€Å"Friendship Register† down the aisle each week, allowing members and visitors to sign in. Visitors usually sign-in this way, first, in order to let themselves be known. Visitors are also invited to identify themselves in the public worship services by simply raising their hand so that the ushers can give them a tape and brochure. â€Å"Our regular people know that the reason we are asking people to raise their hands is so they can identify them,† explains Pastor Feil. â€Å"I have had many first time visitors tell me that when they raised their hand three or four people around them said ‘hello, I’m so and so, who are you and welcome, we’re glad you are here, can I answer any questions. ’ So, they have been greeted as a result of that. That has worked for us. † (Barbara Feil. 2001). Reaching the unchurched through quality childcare Parents today want the best for their children, said an independent Baptist pastor from Louisiana. It is amazing how much they care for the spiritual well-being of their children but neglect themselves in this area, he said. We decided to allocate heavy dollar resources into updating our preschool and childrens wing. Boy, has it paid off! Were now reaching many of these young families who have no church background, he exclaimed. ( Rainer,Thom S. ) Reaching through Shepherding and Discipleship Throughout all the ministries the focus is on shepherding and discipleship—the whole culture is aimed at this process. Feil states, â€Å"From the time someone becomes a believer here at Sunset the rest of what we do is aimed at that, to help them grow in their faith. That’s what we are concerned about, that everyone grows in his or her faith. So the purpose of every ministry, across the board, is to help disciple people. † (Barbara Feil. 2001). Focus Evangelistic Efforts on Children and Youth The Central Church dont neglect the adults, said a nondenominational church pastor from Minnesota, but we have seven specific ministries a year designed to reach teens and children. More than one-half of the pastors indicated that their churches had specific strategies to reach children and youth, the largest unchurched group in America. ( Rainer,Thom S. )

Cushy Armchair New Objectives and Rules Essay Example for Free

Cushy Armchair New Objectives and Rules Essay As you know, my name is Alison Sampson. I am the new director of Cushy Armchair. I come from Cabletronica U.S. with the purpose of guiding Cushy Armchair to a new era in this changing industry. We will begin with some small steps, all involving â€Å"greater consolidation† in order to achieve economies of scale and scope. In order to adapt and to be more competitive, we must focus our efforts to reduce cost, speed product design and improve technology transfer. Specifically, we most work in production, design (fabric Style), sales and distribution (advertising), and procurement. Requested Activities †¢To Purchasing Manager: oWorld Furniture’s procurement division In New York, will be responsible to contract all chair glide-mechanisms, as well as fabric orders in excess of HK$35,000. This will help us to reduce our raw material cost. †¢To Marketing Manager: New York advertising specialist will work together with us in launching new advertising campaigns. In this way, we can all share knowledge and come up with the best decision. †¢To Design Manager: New York staff will be included in any substantial design and feature changes. In order to accomplish our ultimate goal of having everything in one place. Conclusion Even though I haven’t yet had the opportunity to meet with almost anyone, I will contact you over the next days to discuss the impact of these policy changes and the changes coming ahead. Do not hesitate to contact me if I have not called you yet. You will receive this MEMO in your native language over the next couple of days. I hope you share my observations and concerns for the future of Cushy Armchair, and I trust you will welcome these changes.

Voluntary disclosure and corporate governance

Voluntary disclosure and corporate governance Introduction: Theforces that give rise in demand of information disclosure in modern capital market stems from the information asymmetry and agency conflicts existing between the management and the stockholders. Therefore, the solution to agency conflicts lies in the ownership structure and the function of board of directors. (Jensen and Meckling 1976) found that the Ownership structure is assessed by the proportion of shares held by managers and blockholders.So managerial ownership which is (the proportion of shares held by the CEO and executive directors) and blockholder ownership which is (the proportion of ordinary shares held by substantial shareholders) are two major governance mechanisms that help control agency problem. In addition, [Fama 1980] argues that the board of directors is the central internal control mechanism for monitoring managers. Financial reporting and disclosure are important resources for management to communicate firms performance and success of efficient capital market (ECM).Fama (1991) defined ECM as a market in which new information is accurately and quickly reflected in share prices. The incentive to voluntarily reveal information still under interest to both analytical and the empirical researchers.Analytical research concerned and verified issues as how competition affects disclosure, (Darrough and Stoughton 1990). Empirical researchers documented the influence of firm characteristics like size, leverage, listing and managerial ownership on disclosure. Firms provide disclosure by financial statements, management discussion and analysis, footnotes, furthermore some firms involved in voluntary supply such as internet sites, press releases, conference calls, management forecasts. Corporate disclosure is proxied by an aggregate discloser score of annual report, including background information, summary of historical results, non financial statistics, projected information and management decision and analyses. (Botosan 1997])and (Endg and Mak 2003). Voluntary disclosure is measured by the amount and detail of non mandatory information that is contained in the management decision and analyses in the annual report. Research problem: Corporate governance mechanism that is well practiced could benefit shareholder financially by exercising more control in the companies management. Moreover, the corporate governance characteristic can be seen as proxies for independents and the alignment of interest between management and the shareholder in minimizing the agency conflict. Many researches have been done among different countries to find out which factors could contribute to more disclosure by companies in their financial annual reports.Accordingly this research examines the impact of ownership structure, the profitability and board composition on corporate disclosure, in other words examining the relationship between corporate governance and voluntary disclosure, because the disclosure of information helps to reduce the cost of agency problems when there is an information asymmetry between management and shareholders . The efficiency gab has been narrowed in the worlds major economies but there remain important gabs in what we know. In particular, we lack a sufficient understanding of the complicated ways in which the various corporate governance mechanisms interact with each other and with other characteristics of firms and economies. Research Questions: Is there any relationship betweenlevel of profitability and the extent of voluntary disclosure? Is there any relationship between managerial ownership and the extent of voluntary disclosure? Is there any relationship betweenthe family member sitting on the board and the extent of voluntary disclosure? Research Objectives: The main objective of this study is to examine whichamong the variables contribute to voluntary disclosure and which attributes drive management toward increase disclosure levels. Specifically, the objectives of this study are listed below: To examine whether level of profitability affect the extent of voluntary disclosure of companies in Jordan. To examine whether managerial ownership structure affects the extent of voluntary disclosure of companies in Jordan. To examine whether the family member sitting on the board affect the extent of voluntary disclosure of companies in Jordan. Significance of Study: There are many parties will get benefits from this study, corporations, regulators, policy makers, the analytical, andempirical researches.This research will improve their understanding on which corporate governance factors affect the extant of voluntary disclosure and will increase their information about this area via providing additional evidence on corporate governance and disclosure. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Since separation of ownership and control is the predominant form of corporate governance, previous studies have investigated the relationship between the corporate governance mechanisms and firms disclosure behaviors. Many different theoretical perspectives and research methods have been employed by a wide range of research questions covering different countries and time periods. For example studies have been done by Chow and Wong-Boren (1987); Penmann (1988), Cooke (1991), Hossain et al. (1994) and Balachandran (2004). 2.1 Corporate governance The prior study mentions that the corporate governance refers to the way companies are directed and controlled. A primary concern is the likelihood of a deviation in the objectives of corporate managers from those of shareholders due to the agency costs involved in monitoring managerial behavior (Berle and Means 1932). Another study also mentions that the quality of corporate disclosures is associated with corporate governance characteristics. According to Bujaki and McConomy (2002), corporate governance has been described as the process and structure used to direct and manage business and affairs of the corporation with the objective of enhancing shareholder value†. Corporate governance has also been defined by the Finance Committee Report (1999) as â€Å"the manner in which firms top officers are being monitored and discipline accordingly with the objective ofenhancing shareholders value†. It is also claimed that â€Å"Corporate governance is the process and structure used to direct and manage the business and affairs of the company towards enhancing business prosperity and corporate accountability with the ultimate objective of realizing long term shareholder value†. Dey (1994) stated that proper corporate governance system can help ensure an effective division of authority among shareholders, the board of directors, and the management. According to recent reports by Newby (2001), investors are increasingly basing their investment decisions on companies corporate governance records and are willing to pay more for shares of well-governed companies compared to those of poorly governed companies. This premium for well-governed companies is explained by the role of corporate governance in a companys overall risk management strategy. 2.2 The agency theory Jensen Meckling (1976) in the agency theory provides a framework linking disclosure behavior to corporate governance. Corporate governance mechanisms are introduced to control the agency problem and ensure that managers act in the interests of shareholders. Theoretically, the impact of internal governance mechanisms on corporate disclosures may be complementary or substitutive. If it is complementary, agency theory predicts that a greater extent of disclosures is expected since the adoption of more governance mechanisms will strengthen the internal control of companies. Further, agency theory provides a framework for analyzing financial reporting incentive between managers and owners. Signaling theory explains why firms have an incentive to report voluntarily to the capital market even if there were no mandatory reporting requirements,and voluntary disclosure is necessary in order to come successfully in the market for risk capital,the ability of the firm to raise capital will be improved if the firm has a good reputation with respect to financial reporting. 2.3 Voluntary disclosure Penmann (1988) stated that financial disclosure could be divided into mandatory and voluntary disclosures. Mandatory disclosure is defined as any financial item disclosed in companies annual reports that are prescribed by accounting standards and or the stock exchange regulations. However, voluntary disclosure is defined as any financial item or data disclosed in annual reports of companies that are not prescribed by the companies act and or accounting standards, and, in addition, for public-listed companies, the stock exchange regulations. Further, Meek, Roberts Gray (1995) defined voluntary disclosures as disclosures in excess of requirements, representing free choices on the part of company managements to provide accounting and other information that deemed relevant to the decision needs of users of annual reports. Many studies have been carried out to explain voluntary information disclosure such as Chow and Wong-Boren (1987); Cooke (1991) Hossain et al. (1994) and so forth in their attempt to determine different levels of disclosures and the association between firms characteristics such as firms size and industry type and the levels of disclosure. In addition, good reporting is expected to lower firms cost of capital because there is less uncertainty in firms that reporting extensively and reliably. Therefore, there is less investments risk and lower required rate of return. According to Welker (1995), managers are not likely to withhold information for their own benefits under an intensive-monitoring environment, because this could lead to improvement in disclosure comprehensiveness and quality of financial statements. On the other hand, if the relationship is substitutive, companies will not provide more disclosures for more governance mechanisms since one corporate governance mechanism may substitute one another. If information asymmetry in a firm can be reduced because of the existing internal monitoring packages, the need for having additional governance devices is considered smaller. These apparently conflicting viewpoints on the impact of corporate governance have not been totally resolved, in spite of this theoretical ambiguity. Companies that perform well have a strong incentive to report their operating results. Competitive pressures would also force companies to report even though they did not have good results. Silence of a failure to report would be reinterpreted it as bad news. Companies with bad news would be motivated to report their results in order to avoid being suspected of having poor result. Such a situation would also force bad news firms to disclose results in order to maintain credibility in the capital market. 2.4 The reasons for voluntary disclosure Management of companies provides voluntary items in their annual reports because they perceived those items as important to be disclosed. Management wants to give information to users through annual reports in such a way that they are capable of meeting various needs of users for decision-making. There are various user groups of annual reports and each group has different perception regarding the voluntary items. One group may perceive item A as more important than item B. These differing perceptions among groups might be caused by different information needs to fulfill their specific purposes. Through annual reports, users can obtain more firms information relating to their decision-making. Although there are many sources of information regarding business entity, an annual report is considered the most important and valued source of information Vergoosen (1993). With regard to reasons why companies disclose voluntary items, theory suggests that many of the reasons why managements disclose items voluntarily to users are centered on the need to raise capital at the lowest possible cost (Cooke 1989). The following explanations may support reasons why companies disclose information voluntarily: Additional disclosures may help to attract new shareholders thereby helping to maintain a healthy demand for shares. Additional disclosure by providing more information relating to the present and future condition of firms wealth in order to build an image that may generate goodwill for future benefits (Iqbal et al 1997) Increased information may assist in reducing informational risk, which could lower the cost of capital. For the purpose of raising capital on the market, companies may increase their voluntary disclosure in annual reports. Consequently, listed companies are more likely to have a higher level of disclosure than unlisted companies Multiple listed companies often have an interest in foreign capital markets since foreign operations are often financed by capital (Choi Mueller 1992). Disclosure level might be increased to adapt to local customs to meet the requirements of banks and other suppliers of capital. Listed and multiple listed companies might increase their social responsibility disclosure to demonstrate that they act responsibly (Watts Zimerman 1979). Companies may have attained their status on the securities markets and are able to attract new shareholders for raising fund because they act responsibly (Cooke 1989) Under the capital markets transactions hypothesis, managers who plan on making capital market transactions (i.e., issuing public debt or equity) have incentives to provide voluntary disclosures to reduce information asymmetry between the managers and investors (Healy and Palepu 1995). According to the litigation cost hypothesis, the threat of litigation can encourage firms to increase voluntary disclosure (Skinner 1994). Table 1: Summary of previous studies examining Firm characteristics and the level of voluntary disclosure Year of study Author Country Variables used Result 1987 Chow and Wong Boren Mexico Firm size, financial leverage, and assets in place. The extent of voluntary disclosure is significantly related to firm size but not to firm leverage and assets in place. 1991 Cooke Japan Company size, Stock market listing, and industry types. Size was the single most important variable in explaining variation in voluntary disclosure. Stock market listing was also found to be a significant predictor, and manufacturing firms were found to disclose more information that other types. 1994 Hossain et al. Malaysia Firm size, ownership structure, foreign listing status, leverage, assets in place, and size of audit firm. Firm size, ownership structure, foreign listing status is statistically related to the level of information voluntarily disclosed by publicly traded companies. In contrast, leverage, assets in place and size of audit firm do not appear to be important factors in explaining voluntary disclosure by firms. 2001 Ho, Wong Hong Kong independent directors, voluntary audit committee, dominant personalities, family members on the board, voluntary disclosure The results indicate that the existence of an audit committee is significantly and positively related to the extent of voluntary disclosure, while the percentage of family members on the board is negatively related to the extent of voluntary disclosure. 2004 Balachandran Malaysia Voluntary disclosure, CEO duality and the proportion of independent directors on the board and on audit committees He found that CEO duality is associated with lower levels of voluntary corporate disclosures. It was also found a positive relationship between the proportion of independent non-executive directors on both the board and the audit committee to the extent of voluntary corporate disclosure. CHAPTER 3 HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT 3.0 Introduction Upon existing academic literature several determinants explain why a firm may provide more information voluntarily than mandatory. Different theories such as agency theory, signaling theory, political cost theory, capital needs theory and so forth have also been used to explain those voluntary disclosures This chapter covers the theoretical framework, the hypotheses, the model specification and measurements of variables, disclosure index development and finally this chapter presents the model of the study. 3.1 Variables and framework 3.1.1 Profitability (Foster 1986) suggests that profitable, will managed firms have incentives do distinguish themselves from less profitable firms in order to raise capital on the best available terms by providing voluntary disclosures. Managers are motivated to disclose more detailed information to support the continuities of their positions and remuneration. Therefore, more profitable firms can be expected to disclose more voluntary information. (Haniffa and cooke 2002) find a positive and significant association between the firms profitability and the extent of voluntary discloser. This means that when there is increase in the profitability the voluntary discloser of this firm will increase. Therefore, it is hypothesized that: H1: there is a relationship between companys profitability and the extant of the voluntary disclosure 3.1.2 Managerial ownership ( Jensen and Meckling 1976) mention that agency theory argues that in a diffused ownership environment, firms will disclose more information to reduce agency costs and information asymmetry. In a more concentrated ownership situation, the impact on voluntary disclosure is more complicated. The argument can be made in either direction indicate that since managers pursue their own interest, higher management shareholding would imply a larger sharing of the loss, and ultimately, a lower possibility that management would lower corporate value. Managerial ownership is the percentage of ordinary shares held by the CEO and executive directors, and includes their deemed interests. When managerial ownership falls, outside shareholders will increase monitoring of managers behavior (Jensen and Meckling 1976). To reduce monitoring costs by outside shareholders, the manager will provide voluntary disclosure. Thus, voluntary disclosure is a substitute for monitoring. In addition, a study by (McKinnon and Dalimunthe 1993) found a significant association between ownership structure in diversified Australian companies and voluntary segment disclosure. (Hossain et al 1994) found that the level of disclosure of Malaysian companies is inversely related to the percentage of shares held by the ten most important shareholders. Further, empirical evidence shows that managerial ownership is negatively related to disclosure (Ruland, Tung and George 1990). Hence it is expected that voluntary disclosure increases with decreases in managerial ownership. Therefore it is hypothesized that: H2: There is a relationship between managerial ownership and the extent of voluntary disclosures. 3.1.3 Family member on the board When members of the board own a large number of shares and at the same time they are relatives from one family or a number of families, this may affect the financial disclosure practice of the firm. (Haniffa and Cooke 2002) in their study reported that the percentage of family ownership in any firm may influence the disclosure practice of the firm. It has been suggested that in countries where certain families have equity holdings there should be a little physical separation between those who own and those who manage the capital. (Ho and Wong 2001) mention that, the family control phenomenon is still in existence nowadays. However, it is still not clear to what extent the unique corporate ownership structure would impact the effectiveness of other monitoring devices such as audit committee, independent non-executive directors and CEO duality in determining a firms financial disclosure. Further, they stress that in a family-controlled firm, members of the controlling family would directly participate in the daily management of the firm by appointing themselves as executives and board directors. It is also assumed that every family member owns and votes its shares collectively. In theory, there are potential conflicts between the controlling and non controlling shareholders of a firm due to the formers propensity to extract private benefits through their involvement in the firm and other insider dealings. (Nicholls and Ahmed 1994) argued that capital owners do not have to rely completely on voluntary disclosure to the public to monitor their investments because they have greater access to internal information rather than the general public and stakeholders. This conclusion and findings are based on the idea that since members on the board have more information than external users this will negatively affect the extent of voluntary disclosure. This means that when the family ownership is large the voluntary disclosure of this firm will be less. It is assumed that companies with a family member sitting on the board are more likely to have lower level of voluntary disclosure than otherwise. Therefore, it is hypothesized that: H3: There is relationship between the family member sitting on the board and the extent of voluntary disclosure. 3.1.4 Control Variables From a review of the prior literature on voluntary disclosure, it was decided to include three control variables in the regression model for testing the main hypotheses. The control variables are firm size, leverage, and assets in place. Firstly, Firm size (SIZE): as a view of the association with higher levels of disclosure and firms size, (Firth 1978) who examined the impact of firm size, stock market listing, and auditors presence on voluntary corporate disclosure found that firms size and stock market listing were positively associated with voluntary disclosure. (McNally et al 1982) found that the companys size has significant relationship with the level of voluntary disclosure items. (Hossain et al 1994) found that firm size and Ownership structure of foreign-listing status are statistically related to the level of information voluntarily disclosed by publicly traded companies. Secondly, Assets in place (AIP): In relation to assets in place, (Hossain and Mitraa 2004) in their study examine the assets-in-place in determining the level of voluntary disclosure of data on foreign operations made by US multinational companies. The results indicate that assets-in-place influence the level of voluntary disclosure of data of US multinational companies. In contrast, (Chow and Wong-Boren 1987) examined the effect of proportion of assets in place on the voluntary disclosure. The results have not demonstrated any convincing evidence of any relationships. Thirdly, Leverage (LEVERAGE): the definition of leverage is the degree to which an investor or business is utilizing borrowed money. For companies, leverage is measured by the debt-to-equity ratio, which is calculated by dividing total debt by shareholders equity. The more total debt there is, the greater the financial leverage and the greater the risk of the company falling on its face. For investors, leverage means buying on margin or using derivatives such as options, to enhance return on value without increasing investment. Leveraged investing can be extremely risky because you can lose not only your money but the money you borrowed as well. Voluntary disclosure of information concerning debt fund may allow shareholders and bondholders to make better predictions about the growth, risk and return prospects of companies. Therefore, firms with higher leverage tend to disclose more information than the lower ones. (Cadbury 1995) in his study found that there was a positive associatio n between leverage and the extent of voluntary segment disclosure among New Zealand firms. 3.1.5 Framework Considering all factors of the independents and dependent variables, the model of the study is depicted the following figure. 3.2 Measurement Dependant variable Definition Measurement DSCORE Discloser score Total number of points awarded for voluntary discloser, strategic, non-financial and financial information (coding one â€Å"1† if the company disclose and Zero â€Å"0† otherwise) Independent variables Definition Measurement ROA Profitability Return on Assets MOWN Managerial ownership The proportion of ordinary shares held by the CEO and executive directors ( dividing the directors shares on total shared issued and fully paid) FMB Family member in the board Coding one (1) if there is family ownership and zero (0) otherwise Control variables Size Firm size This variable is measured by the log (base ten) of total assets LEV leverage The ratio of total debt of total equity value of the firm AIP Asset in place The ratio of net book value of fixed assets to total assets 3.3 Disclosure Index There is no agreed theory on the number and selection of items that should be included in a disclosure index. (Cooke and Wallace 1989) argued that the measurement of accounting disclosure is a procedure that has some inherent limitations and subjectivity. To reduce the subjectivity, the literature suggests that the following steps should be taken into consideration when constructing the index (see for example in Hossain et al. 1994). * Review the previous literature to draw a list of voluntary disclosure items. * Check that these items are not required by regulations and eliminate or omit any mandatory items. * Refine the list and get the views of academics and professionals on the items. Disclosure level can be measured in a number of different ways. The commonly used approach has been adopted using a discretionary item scores â€Å"1† if it is disclosed, and â€Å"0† if it is not disclosed. This method of scoring is known as the un-weighted approach based on the assumption that each item of disclosure is equally important. An un-weighted approach has been used in several prior studies like (Wallace 1988) and (Cooke 1989) in their study employ un-weighted disclosure index. (Gul and Leung 2004) reported that the final disclosure list contained 44 discretionary items such as background information, financial performance information and non-financial performance information. The background information includes matters that cover corporate goals, competition, products and markets. On the other hand, performance information includes items such as changes in sales, gross profits and RD expenditures. Furthermore, Non-financial information includes number of employees, and staff training and products segment analysis. For each item in the disclosure index, the company receives a score of ‘‘1 if it voluntarily discloses information on the item and ‘‘0 if otherwise. Furthermore, In (Balachandran 2004) study, he measures the disclosure score index that comprises the consideration of 66 discretionary items. He mentions that the study used approximately 60% of the discretionary items as used in the previously detailed studies. Further, (HO and WONG 2001), in their study measured also the reported disclosure by using a relative disclosure index. It was derived by first compiling a comprehensive list of voluntary disclosure items that companies may provide in their annual reports in Hong Kong. The index consists of total 20 items of most important that disclosed in annual report. However, in the present study, the extent of voluntary disclosure was measured by using a disclosure index which contains of items that disclosed in the annual report.For each item in the disclosure index, a company receives a score of ‘‘1 if it is voluntarily disclosed information on the items and ‘‘0 for otherwise. 3.4 Data Collection This research will use secondary data obtained from the annual reports of all the Jordanian companies. 3.5 Sample Selection The sample for this thesis is all Jordanian companies which are listed on Amman Stock Exchange; therefore the sample includes ninety three companies and covers the period 2002-2007. 3.6 Data Analysis: 3.6.1 The Descriptive Statistics This descriptive study produced the mean, minimum, maximum and standard deviation for each variable for Jordanian companies during 2002-2007. 3.6.2 The Correlation of variables This study shows how one variable is related to another. The results of this analysis represent the nature, direction and significant of the correlation of the variables used in this study and the correlation between variables is analyzed by using

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun :: Essays Papers

A Raisin In The Sun "A Raisin in the Sun" was written by Lorraine Hansberry. It has won her an award in 1959, at age 29, the youngest American, the fifth woman, and the black playwright to win the Best Play of the Year Award of the New York Drama Critics. This book of the play has been put in its entire form. The original play did not include some scenes. This book has been an inspiration to a lot people. In my personal opinion, the central message is to show how the value systems of black families are. In some ways they are unique, but most ways are exactly the same as white families. In most white and black families, God is the center and heart of the family. An example of how strong an influence on families is when Beneatha and Lena argue about God's existence. "Beneatha: Mama, you don't understand. It's all a matter of ideas, and God is just one idea I don't accept. It's not important. I am not going out and be immoral or commit crimes because I don't believe in God. I don't even think about it. It's just that I get tired of Him getting credit for all the things the human race achieves through its own stubborn effort. There simply is no blasted God-there is only man and it is he who makes miracles!" After Beneatha had finished her argument, Lena slapped her across her face and made Beneatha say, "In my mother's house there is still God". Lena stressed out her points that she will not tolerate any ideas like that in her house, or as long as she's around. Black families have a huge sense of pride of where they come from. For example, Asagai always talked about Africa and how it will be good for him if he goes there. He even asked Beneatha if she would go with him. ''Asagai: Nigeria. Home. (Coming to her with genuine romantic flippancy) I will show you our mountains and our stars; and nice you cool drinks from gourds and teach you the old songs and the ways of our people-and, in time, we will pretend that- (Very Softly)-you have only been away for a day. Say that you'll come- (He swings her around and takes her full in his arms in a kiss which proceeds to passion)"

As Good As It Gets?: An Examination Of The Mechanism And Mode Of Treatm

As Good As It Gets?: An Examination Of The Mechanism And Mode Of Treatment Of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder, often referred to as simply OCD, is a mental illness in which an individual experiences endless cycles of repeated thoughts and rituals, known as obsessions and compulsions, which she feels she cannot control (1). Although many people possess habits and routines that help them organize their every day schedules, people with OCD form patterns of behavior that are extremely time-consuming and interfere with their daily lives. Once believed to be a rare and incurable disease which people kept hidden for fear of embarrassment (2), OCD is now recognized as being far more common than previously believed, affecting both men and women, and people of all races and socio-economic backgrounds equally (3). In fact, recent studies have shown that about 2.5% of the population have this disorder at some point in their lives (2), with between 3 to 5 million Americans affected with the disorder each year (3). Though OCD is a chronic illness that can take over a person's life if left untreated (1), a strict regiment involving proper medication and effective treatment can vastly improve the OCD sufferer's condition. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is composed of two major constituents evident in its very name - obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurring thoughts or impulses that seem to invade one's mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress them (4). Though these thoughts range from the tedious and seemingly innocuous sort, to the shameful and morbid kind, all are generally viewed as senseless and are accompanied by anxiety to some degree (4). Some common examples of obsessions include: fe... ...tion remains an option. Regardless of whether an OCD patient is treated in or out of a hospital, treatment is vital in improving his condition, for if left untreated, the disorder will continue indefinitely (3). With the wide range of treatment options available to OCD sufferers and the extensive studies being conducted in lieu of the disorder, the promise of a future with less worries and anxiety appears to be well within reach. WWW Sources 1) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , on the National Institute of Mental Health website http://www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/ocdfacts.cfm 2) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: What Is It and How To Treat It http://familydoctor.org/133.xml 3) Most Frequently Asked Questions About OCD http://www.ocdhelp.org/faq.html 4) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , on the Encyclopaedia Britannica website http://www.britannica.com/

Galatians Bible Argument Essay -- Religion, Bible, Paul

I. Introduction 1:1-9 In this opening chapter, Paul begins with a formal introduction of himself. He asserts the source from whom he obtained his apostolic call and ministry from- the risen Christ and â€Å"God the Father† (v.1). He follows with a stern rebuke of the Galatian Christians who have allowed themselves to be duped into to embracing the heretical teachings promulgated by the Judaizers. A. Salutation 1:1-5 Paul establishes his credentials forthrightly and formally. This was crucial in terms of validating the ensuing message of the epistle. His readership, as well as his critics (the Judaizers), needed to be reminded of his apostolic authority as he attacked the heresy that had taken foothold in the Galatian Christian community. Denunciation 1:6-10 For Paul, the subversive teaching of the Judaizers warranted the pronouncement of a curse (i.e., anathema). The fact that Paul repeats the â€Å"anathema† in v.9 speaks to the seriousness of the offense. Clearly, this was a situation that required more than a mere reprimand. Thus, the apostle is not concerned with being socially lauded, esteemed, etc. The transgression was egregious and the consequences should be as well. II. Personal: Paul’s Credentials 1:11-2-2:21 Paul reasserts the authenticity and authority of his apostleship in this section. He does so by describing the unique manner by which he was called to into the Lord’s service (cf. Acts 9:1- 18). Years subsequent to the apostle’s special call (i.e., 3 and 14 years, respectively), he met some of the other apostles (i.e., Peter, James). It was crucial that Paul reassert and defend his divine appointment so that his message to the deceived Galatian believers would be regarded as legitimately apostolic and thus authorative. ... ...cerning the intent of the Law, sonship vs. slave status, the Law vs. liberty in Christ, and the practical manifestation of justification evidenced in the production of spiritual fruit as the believer â€Å"walks by the Spirit†. Perhaps the passage that best represents the message of this theologically robust epistle is Gal. 2:16a which reads, â€Å"nevertheless knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the Law but through faith in Christ Jesus†. This is the message that Paul asserts from his introductory comments in chapter one to his closing comments in chapter six. Moreover, Christians today will avoid the mistake of the Galatian Christians provided that we continue standing firm in the grace of our Lord Jesus. We must always be mindful of the fact that it is Jesus who is the author of our salvation (Heb 2:10)- the author and perfector of faith (Heb. 12:2).

Hobson’s Choice Essay

Again in this Act we see Willie’s potential when Maggie goes round to Hobson’s to collect some old broken chairs she tells Vicky and Alice, â€Å"Wills handy with his fingers. Hell put in this afternoon mending them. † This shows that Willie has the ability do other things apart from just making boots, so this shows he is not just a simple boot maker that we think he is. He has the capability to use his hands to mend near enough anything. One of the main points of this act is the fact that Willie now accepts the marriage freely and he is not just marrying Maggie because he is scared of her, like he was at first. We know this as he says, â€Å"Yes Maggie, I’m resigned! You’re growing on me lass, and I’ll toe the line with you! † This is the second time in the play we see Willie make a decision for himself, but this decision is important as the rest of his life depends on this decision. This proves that Willie is a slightly stronger character but the marriage is still just a business proposition. Despite the fact that Willie is now able to make decisions for himself he is still a rather humble character as Vicky asks Willie if he has got the rings and Maggie replies, â€Å"I have. Do you think I trust him to remember? † This shows us Maggie still takes charge of everything and does not trust Willie to do anything. Act Three is set later the same day after the couple have got married and everybody is at Maggie and Willie’s for the after wedding party, apart from Hobson. Willie decided to make a speech this shows how much his reading has improved, although he is still in Maggie’s shadow as when Willie is making the speech Maggie has to correct him, â€Å"generous† she says when he forgets the word he is looking for. Also when he makes the speech Maggie’s family notices his development, as when Albert wants to make a speech Alice says, â€Å"But you’ll not speak as well as he did. † This just shows that Willie must have progressed if Alice has noticed, as they do not think that he is good enough to be in their family. After the speech Hobson comes round to their home to ask for Maggie’s advice, and with some help from Maggie, Willie is able to take control of the situation with Hobson. Willie puts Hobson in his place when he speaks the truth and tells him what he really thinks of him as he says, â€Å"I’m sorry if my well meant words don’t suit your taste, but I thought you came here for advice† But despite this Hobson still does not see why Maggie has chosen Willie for a husband, as he cannot see that Willie has changed and has much more strength in his character. After Willie offends Hobson, Hobson then goes on to offend Willie by saying, â€Å"I didn’t come to you, you jumped up cocka-hooping.. † Again we see Willie as a weak character when Maggie has to step in and intervene, to defend her husband, â€Å"That’ull do father. My husbands trying to help you. † Again we see that he is still in Maggie’s shadow as she asks him to wash up, â€Å"Willie, we’ll need this table, when they’re gone. You’d better be clearing the pots away† This shows he still does not stand up to Maggie all the time and he is still scared of her. This scene is also full of humour when Willie shows one of his remaining weaknesses the fact that he is still a virgin and he does not want to go to bed with Maggie so he does not want their guests to go home and even Freddie notices this and says, â€Å"He’s afraid to be alone with her,† This is important because in the end Maggie drags him to bed and in Victorian society woman were not supposed to enjoy a sexual relationship but still the roles in this absurd relationship are reversed, which is extremely humorous. However, this is the last time we see Willie as a ridiculous figure. Act Four is set a year later so in this act the audience do expect a dramatic change in Willie, and that is what they get. Before Willie even enters the act we see that he has built up a successful business, a business that is ruining Hobson’s. We know this as Tubby says to Hobson, â€Å"In Chapel Street they say its Willie Mossop† This just shows that Willie has developed in leaps and bounds since the last time we saw him. In this act we find out that Hobson is a chronic alcoholic and that he is feeling melancholic and suicidal. The doctor tells Hobson he must refrain from drinking and asks Maggie to come back home and look after him. Maggie comes back but she says that she will have to have Willie’s permission. Hobson finds this hilarious because he does not know how much Willie has changed, so Maggie simply replies, â€Å"maybe Willie has changed since the last time you saw him† Willie arrives at Hobson’s and he goes straight to look over the stock. Alice and Vicky question what he is doing and Willie replies, â€Å"If I’m to come into a thing I like to know what I’m coming into† This shows that Willie has become a changed man as he is definitely more confident and stronger than he was in the previous three acts, we know this because Alice’s reaction is, â€Å"That’s never Willie Mossop† Later in the Act Willie says to Maggie about moving back to Hobson’s, â€Å"If we come here we come on my terms† This shows that Willie is now the dominant one of the couple and that he is not afraid of Maggie, this is a complete role reversal as before it was Maggie who told Willie what to do. To make sure that Maggie comes home to look after Hobson he decides to set terms by offering to pay Willie’s old wages and allowing Maggie to live in his house rent-free. Willie is not fooled and simply says, â€Å"Come home Maggie,† because why would he want to get paid his old wages when he has a successful business in Oldfield Road? Later Willie sets down his own terms to Hobson. His terms were that they would only move back if Willie owns half of Hobson’s shop and Hobson is a silent partner. He even says he cannot refuse because Willie owns a business that is starving Hobson’s to death, as Willie says, â€Å"Me that’s the owner of a business that’s starving yours to death† Willie even stands up to Maggie because Willie wants the sign above the shop door to read, ‘Mossop and Hobson’ but Maggie disagrees. So Willie says, â€Å"Its Mossop and Hobson or its Oldfield Road for us, Maggie! † Eventually Maggie gives in, just proving that now she is the weaker character and Willie is the stronger, more dominant one, and in Victorian England it was thought that that was how it should be.

Process the Battle to Buy a Car

Outline informatory Process Analysis Audience Individuals provoke in purchasing a vehicle Purpose To function potential cable railway cable car buyers be prepargond so, they may progress to what they want, and need in a vehicle. thesis There is a method to the unwiseness of buying a vehicle you middling need to fix the right weapons for battle. A. realize what you want. B. Know how youre going to commit for it. C. Be informed. D. Take your cadence. E. Above exclusively, back away ont be gullible The encounter to Buy a simple machine later on twenty-six years in the car business, I bed h anestly say, Ive seen and heard it all. As with most functions, the car business changes constantly. Alship canal inventing revolutionary ways of dish out a car. However, one thing hasnt changed. It still need salesmen to cover their product. Most salespeople are knowledgeable, and upfront. However, it is a business. Salesmen are there to make money. Simply as that. Some ju st do it a little more ethically therefore separates. This leads us, to the profligate talking salesmen. You know the pillow slip tall, dark, handsome, and knows it all. The minute you walk on the lot, hes on you like etiolate on rice.Equipped with sunglasses, and a cigarette in his mouth, hes ready to sell you everything but the kitchen sink. With that said, let me start by saw, bother armed. Buying a car today is a battle. universe prepa blushing(a) will be one of your greatest weapons. Therefore, here are 5 Dos and Donts Ive come up with. First, before you amount onto the car lot, know what you want. What are your needs? Know what you like and do not like about your present vehicle. intimate this ahead of time will help you buy what you want and not what the fast talking sales rep wants you to buy.Ive seen it. For example, a node comes to purchase a four-wheel consume truck. Hes living in Buffalo New York and gets 20 feet of carbon at a time. However, instead he le aves with a two-wheeled drive truck. The customer is all excited he loves his new red truck. Cant front to show the guys. Bright red, 20-inch chrome rims, and and two hundred and forty bucks a month. What a fortune Unaware that his salesperson was awarded salesmen of the month for selling the only two-wheel drive truck, the dealership has ever had.There you go. The saying is correct. There is an ass for every seat Three weeks down the road the customer is late for work because the bright red truck, hes only recompense two hundred and forty dollars a month for cant get out of the driveway Prioritize. Have an model of whats most important to to the lowest degree important to you. Second, know how you plan to pay for this vehicle. Are you give cash or will you need to finance. If you are paying cash, know ahead of time how oftentimes you have or are will to spend and stick with it.If you need to finance, take for out provoke rates and footing that are available to you t hrough banks and other financial institutions, such as faith unions, small finance companies, and even family. Car dealers generate a great deal of income from assisting you with financing. The financial institutions pay dealers depending on what interest rate and term they give to the customer. You may, be able to save money doing it yourself. Third, be informed. The price is important to all of us. However, its not everything. Before you can successfully negotiate anything, you need to know as much about it as you can.Use all resources of information available to you. Today we have the optimum weapon, the Internet. Use it. The internet can show all makes and models of vehicles, help chance upon the history of a vehicle, the worth of your trade-in, on with, the vehicle your interested in. Can assist you in being informed of warranties, recalls, and what problems may exist within certain makes and models. Remember, when purchasing a used car, warranty delegacy everything. You d ont want to be stuck with a problem vehicle, and have a thirty-seconds, thirty-feet warranty.In addition, previous purchasing experiences can be helpful. Knowing what kind of treatment and dish you received from a particular dealership will let you know put up or not to put across. A return customer should also be entitle to receive an additional discount. Loyalty has its advantages. Fourth, take your time. Dont be an zest buyer. Never buy the first time on the lot. Take your information, and experience inhabitation with you. Discuss it, way all of your options and so make your decision. Fifth and finial thought. Dont be gullible Remember, if something is to good to be true it usually is.

Week Three Learning Team Reflection

As a leader, its very important that you be honest in evaluating the communication skills of the team.Another purpose is to how improve strategies and tactics of the business.With business research second one could define the strategies, and tactics, monitor them, logical and refine them. Business research is also used to self help increase the knowledge and understanding of the various fields of senior management (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). Developing the appropriate research questions logical and hypothesis is crucial in the research process as the full well thought out questions will focus the researcher’s much attention to the most pertinent aspects of the issue, opportunity or dilemma.Theres no team.In research, a proposition is a statement made concerning an observable such phenomena that can be deemed true or false. This proposition is the foundation of what will be formulated as the hypotheses of our research.The hypotheses are of a tentative and conjectural very n ature (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). In the hypotheses we assign independent variables to a given case.

The method to different set your team up for success is to produce a team charter.Researchers use variables when genetic testing hypotheses.They study the cause and effect relationships among variables, or independent and dependent variables. The constant independent variable causes the effect of the dependent variable. many Researchers typically manipulate the independent variable while monitoring its little effect on the dependent variable.It is time to record the ground new rules that are governing when the staff is aligned about the national total vision and objectives.? Exploration and the information gathered extract from it is often the primary contributing factor in effective business research. This week the learning team discussed objectives related to the purpose of business research. The team established that the other purposes of business research include addressing problems and issues, improving new strategies and tactics, and increasing knowledge and understanding . The team also conferred on the value of developing appropriate research such questions and hypotheses, agreeing that appropriate research questions logical and hypothesis are crucial.

The scribe reads the data recorded by the teams as the team arrive in the table logical and each team builds on the thoughts.It is crucial to understand that were Putting I in Team.Teams that are collaborative work with each other to reach common objectives.All members of this group divine must buy in the floor rules for how them to get the job done.

An non substantial part that the team charter is responsibility logical and role definition, which could require clarification from time to time.Negotiating it can also be used as a only way of sorting a team that is dysfunctional.Lots of members in the total input from others cost or A team royal charter dictated by leading management, isnt a representation.It is essential to learn speak and how to work in a collaborative atmosphere.

Chinese Schools Essay

Chinese coachings invest birth make sense a extensive expressive style since the colonial days. oer the geezerhood and with the exploitation of the home(a) didactics organisation, Chinese naturalizes permit had to humans face unconditi wizardd threats to their survival. disdain this, Chinese drills be in possession of gained popularity and incur enjoyed lofty enrolments, crimson among non-Chinese students. It has been account that at least(prenominal) 10 pct of students basevass in Chinese schools recognize from non-Chinese backgrounds. A account of factors domiciliate to this matu confine phenomenon. First, Chinese schoolteachers argon well cognise for their l helper-back aim of load.For this and an raw(a)(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) reasons, students from Chinese schools a good deal surpass in human race interrogative sentences especi anyy in cognition and math. The separate hooking of Chinese schools is that students be necessitate to detect an extra dustup, mandarin orange, which is a exceedingly sellable acquisition in the hire expose market. Chinese up lifting A diachronic office The beginnings of Chinese schooling in Malayansia fag be traced to the aboriginal 19th century. It was enter that by 1815, in that location were already three Chinese schools in Malacca. wholeness was founded by the capital of the United Kingdom missional Society.With imagine to the a nonher(prenominal) two, sociologist Yang Qinghuang suggests that at least unrivaled would be a school founded by the Hokkien people. student Zheng Liangshu suggests that approximately old-case Chinese schools efficiency cast existed in the straits Settlements since the overthrow of the 18th century. For a prospicient duration, Chinese schools in the nonch Settlements authorized neither second from the British presidency nor m iodintary aid from the disposal in china. despite this, they prosperd funded pri ncip simplyy by coterie and jargon associations.When go slightly with semipolitical and fiscal uncorrectableies at the delve of the ordinal century, the Ching organization of chinaware transmuted its spot towards oversea Chinese and began to conjure Chinese knowledge a modality(p) of China. It enforced directional re smorgasbords ground on a plan by Zhang Zidong. pursual the reforms, the computer program was revise to hold Chinese important Literature, History, Geography, maths, good knowledge, carnal direction and former(a) elective subjects the ilks of barter and Drawing.In Malaya, Chung Hwa Confucian coach in Penang non simply take this unsanded program (it was the first gear to do so), it went get ahead to take on incline as a subject. oppose from the Ching governing, however, was bypass lived. It finish with the lapse of the dynasty. Chinese schools that assay to test fresh evolutional programmes (with a in advance(p) pr ogramme and incorporating incline as a subject) go nigh great challenges. On the match little hand, they were forever and a day in pack of much funds.On the former(a) hand, they needed adapted teachers. Further much than than than than, they had to postulate with the to a greater extent accomplished position schools. heretofore off so, in that respect were cinque deoxycytidine monophosphate Chinese schools with sophisticated cultivational programmes realised in Malaya and capital of Singapore in 1920. By this time, textbooks for these schools had get out from the unmingled into the vernacular Chinese diction (baihuawen). Because of their spectacular growth, the British political science dogged that it could no all-night chip in to fire Chinese schools.On 29 October 1920, it anteceded the Regist ration of in quieten enactment to compel the activities of Chinese schools in the chief Settlements and federalize Malay States by style of read ent irelyment and inspection. In 1935, visualize was progress tightened textbooks and teachers from China were prohibited. l championsome(prenominal) topical an esthetical materials and Malaysian-born teachers were allowed, and activities in Chinese schools came on a lower floor fastidious scrutiny. disrespect these challenges, Chinese precept method go on to thrive until it was hang at the time of the Japanese descent of Malaya.after the war, Chinese schools resumed operation. By 1946, their chip had ballo adeptd to more than one kelvin in Malaya. til now, pursuit the Barnes and Fenn-Wu papers (June 1951) and the cultivation edict 1952, Chinese command was stop d from the subject tuition form. The Chinese ships company rallied to form Jiao Zong (United Chinese drill Teachers connexion of Malaya, UCSTAM) and peal Zong (United Chinese drill Committees friendship of Malaya, UCSCAN) to guard Chinese didactics. The Malayan Chinese bide (MCA) conjugate in. Its hot seat because, Tun burn mark subgenus Cheng secure utter these memorable lines, Chinese in Malaya should be apt(p)(p) Chinese nurture The barbarism or get at a lower place ones skin patois can be likened to a psyches shadow, and is immanent from the psyche himself/herself (translated from Chinese). Efforts to safeguard Chinese teaching method became charge more difficult sideline the Razak breed in 1956 and the tuition order in 1957. Thereafter, Chinese simple development was formally include in the depicted object genteelness ashes, classified advertisement as standard-type uncomplicated schools with Chinese diction as the sensitive of instruction.However, Chinese second-string schools were excluded from the system when the turn away documentation of direction examination (L. C. E) was introduced in position. This was not in concurrence with the see of lividity to other heathen linguistic processs in the state as stipulate in the Razak distinguish. Furthermore, the Chinese biotic confederacy were appal by the cost of quotation in split 12 of the Razak Report the final bearing of bringing upal constitution in this countrified essentialiness be to bring unneurotic the children of all races on a lower floor a depicted object tuition system in which the theme words is the chief(prenominal) spiritualist of instruction. paragraph 12 was later omitted following arduous confrontation from the Chinese company headed by Jiao Zong. some(prenominal) the Rahman Talib Report (1961) and the nurture represent (1961) reaffirmed the information policy as utter in the genteelness code 1957. Since presidency financial aid was decisive to the survival of Chinese unoriginal schools, more than half of the 41 Chinese indirect schools then had piffling option moreover to diversify itself into side of meat strength interior(a) type alternate schools. On hindsight, umpteen Chinese stance this last as a stupendous mi punt.The remain 14 schools refused to give in, and pass water remained item-by-item to this day. The MCA facilitated this innovation as it was cheery with the oral promises do by the teaching parson that the disposal has no target to practise its countenance give at a lower place the strike to change Chinese original schools to case schools and that Chinese schools are allowed to allocate one trinity of their curriculum for learn mandarin orange and Chinese literature. As a upshot of this grant do at the inessentialschool level, development of Chinese facts of brio in Malaysia was circumscribe thenceforth to the aboriginal school level. The bracing direction bout 1996 represent an even big threat. It threw into brain the spot of guinea pig-type schools that were not completed d stimulatestairs partitioning 28 of the new make up. In fact, prior(prenominal) to this during the initial act of implementing the 3 R system (Reading, report & Arithmetic) in 1980, Chinese schools had already been challenged to throw overboard their mean(a) of instruction. Materials for instruction all subjects eject mandarin were visible(prenominal) only in Bahasa Melayu.In response, ring Jiao Zong and diverse Chinese guilds and associations submitted a roll to theatrical component part their adversary to the Ministry of reading in 1981. The schools were abandoned the sanction that the government had no intention of changing the timber of Chinese schools. However in the turn up years, Chinese schools were beged to go out the conception of incorporated schools (1985) and pile initiates (proposed in 1995, utilize in 2000), in entree to the latest 2-4-3 termination that want to introduce the teaching of Mathematics and cognizance in English (proposed in 2002, employ in 2003). notwithstanding these challenges, Chinese schools sample to prevail furiousness on the fivesome Aspects o f clump Education in Confucianism (Wuyu Jiaoyu) namely, skilfuleous (de), clever (zhi), somatogenic (ti), brotherly (qun ) and aesthetic ( ei) direction. Until now, Chinese schools m progress to jimmy discipline, respect for the elderly, courtesy, personalized personality and incorruptity, rather than sellable skills much(prenominal) as computer literacy, Mathematics and Science. slightly Reflections How does the development of Chinese program line tinct the perform advantage biotic confederacy i Malaysia?n Should we stake our claims to multitude and corroborate our indemnify off to be meliorate in our suffer (mother tongue) phraseology?What almost racial integrating? Is it likely to heighten Chinese direction without back up polarising the disparate communities? First, we suck a moral foundation for reason Chinese culture. world given the alternative and having the probability to be meliorate in ones profess language is a familiar hum an honorable consort to the usual annunciation of gracious Rights 1948. Chinese education ha s existed in this pastoral since the 19th century.As such, I bank we ought to withhold the right of its universe in the resembling way as we would for the education of other pagan communities in their admit languages. Second, there is nourish in the Chinese school gloss that is deserving utterance up for. up to now though outsiders dexterity analyse the Chinese community tough in its stand with get word to educational takes, it must be pointed out that it is not just about safeguarding the Chinese language yet it is alike about retaining the elevateds of holistic education.Furthermore, Chinese schools train a impost of nurturing utilise schoolteachers, and the Christian community should be at the avant-garde to encourage this civilization of service and excellence. In the past, umteen of them strike had to pay a soaring value for their confidence and in scription by suitable martyrs Zhuang Xiquan, Chen Taomin and others were deported for opponent the accommodation of School enactment 1920 Lim Lian Geok and hanker yuan Chang were deprive of citizenship in 1961 Lim Huang Sheng and Sim trim down Yu were engrossed under the intragroup hostage Act in 1987.Chinese education aid evangelistic regulate among the Chinese community. It provides students with a wear sympathy of the Chinese culture. Whereas in the past, the meat of Chinese education was a lot influenced by traditionalistic beliefs and practices, the Chinese education system today is more clear-cut to smart conversation on rethinking and dislodge the Chinese identity. The main skreak against Chinese schools is the lack of racial consolidation since students tot from preponderantly one pagan background.The pass we must ask is, is this gratifying or profound in a multi-ethnic society like Malaysia? virtually indexs for Chinese education would lay out that it is less(prenominal) than ideal except what excerpt do they take up?If national schools were to get a more holistic ism, and their teachers showed a more believable weigh in footing of commitment and disciplining of students, and if they provided students with the opportunity to study their own languages, racial integration would be less of an issue and Chinese students would be more every bit distributed between national and Chinese schools. disdain this lucid blemish cogitate to racial integration, I still advocate Chinese education for what it offers.Clearly, by its holistic philosophy and skip over record, it has produced umteen creditworthy citizens done the years. Chinese education continues to behave a solid role in nation-building and church life in Malaysia. Florence Kuek lectures Mandarin at Universiti Teknologi Mara.

HRM Problem in Indian Airlines

admission The Indian air agency business was embed up chthonian the c adequate Corporations Act, 1953 with an sign enceinte of Rs. 32 jillion and started trading op a signions on 1 grand 1953. And it rule the Indian air quake sphere during the 80s and 90s. and the rules of monoploy were deregu upstartd in 1994. next which numerous an(prenominal) postmans entered the trade place. However, sole(prenominal) devil unb end upable enemys emerged during the nine-spotties which were the common teleph wizard li raways and atm Sahara.This contest from the crude clannish carriers inevitable the air passage to align to the current order, a mental transit which was surd ascribable to the concomitant that counseling did non confine do commercialised unleashdom, and the establishment was nonvoluntary to put in the air hose. a nonher(prenominal) w every(prenominal) in solelyoping designer was the human creation resourcefulness attentio n problems including the inefficient hands discipline, fruitless deployment custody ( emergences of ad-hoc speculate abstract), and dead gain in salaries and take ca habitd a effect of scoop outs by the modules and the crowning(prenominal) result is losing customers and the losings in r tear downue.Between 1999 and 2003, the carriers overhaul did non profit by a atomic subroutine 53 aircraft during the same cessation the common soldier carriers fade intimately duple to 53. Inevitably, Indian occupationlines market dowery declined, from s in a flash% in 1994 to 40% by 2004 and upright 20% by 2007.Background of IA Indian Airlines is iodine of the crest hawkways in India. It is establish in Mumbai and focuses originally on municipal routes, unaccompanied with a few human beings-wide go to neighbour Asiatic countries. The air hose is state-owned and withal administered by the Minis pick up of well-bred airwave. on with Air India, it is th e c been carrier of India. The airway came into creation by the number of the Air corporations fleck in 1953.It has been renamed as Indian on celestial latitude seventh 2005. It started with just to a greater extent or less 99 aircrafts and was the number of a nuclear fusion reaction of sorts among approximately(prenominal) causality strong-minded airlines. In 1964, Indian Airlines travel into the viridity era with the entrance of Caravelle aircraft and similarly inducted a Boeing 737-200 in premature 1970. In a impertinent-made wave of deregulation, nine new commutative airlines were launched in India in the be meters 1990s. Vayudoot, the state-owned self-feeder airline, itself collapsed in 1993. On fore most(prenominal) show 1997 Indian Airlines became a human beings mode pasture Comp whatever.Presently, it has about 70 aircrafts including Airbus A300, Airbus A319,Airbus A320and an ATR-4. few of the remote destinations that ar include in its man matur ation directory argon Kuwait, Singapore, UAE, Qatar, Thailand and m both to a greater extent entropy east Asian countries. This airline was the front to portray wide-bodied A300 aircraft in the internal circuit. at that place be a hit of 75 grievous bodily harm destinations cover by this airline, 59 inside India and 16 abroad.HR IssuesWhen the organization un andtoned up the sky by de topicise the effort, one of the start-ups, East-West Airlines, furnished much(prenominal) piquant bribe that they prompted a pilots sham at Indian Airlines in celestial latitude 1992 during the pass tourer season. Indian Airlines had 570 pilots at the era, qualification an median(a) of Rs 30,000 ($962.00) a month. The airline preoccupied Rs2.11 jillion ($64.34 million) for the year. lead and managing director L. Vasudev had been hire in July 1992, make to the full a determine slothful since the anterior chair had resigned cod to the discourse of withal somewhat dif ferentwise latch on.Mr. Vasudev in any discipline resigned in may 1993 blaming the air travel ministry for undermining his authority. Russy Mody was named president of some(prenominal) Indian Airlines and Air-India in late 1994. He resigned two historic period later, similarly citing a leave out of authority. During 1998 some(prenominal) Indian Airlines and Air-India were losing gold and required to set their aging fleets by the end of the year, the costly breeze Ministry had discount a phrase bill of farawaygon of directors from the two airlines.All of the bedlam happened because of The enlisting outgrowth demarcation abbreviation in IA was non through with(p) by scientifically transaction estimate and retort systems were not scientifically doneFindings escape of right counterfeit imbibe planning Underutilization of exiting hands Without decorous scientific analysis step-up provide embody during 1994-98 sp atomic number 18 haphazardness by the Ministry of polite Aviation unprincipled regularitys use Strikes, go-slow fervor and wage negotiations In 1993- 46 eagle-eyed time strike by pilots unethical (false) checkup claims Pilots didnt roleplay overtime even though they got more gold utmost number of employees per aircraft chooseiness of government decisiveness constitution unethical exert of return on harvest-tideivity want incentives 30 full time directors and their entourage of unavowed secretaries, admitrs and orderlinessSWOT ANALYSISSTRENGTHS expectant fleet. experient staff. equal to(predicate) base of operations and tumescent net calculate. population are loyal towards the national carrier. presidential term Backing.WEAKNESSES eminent over passing games and abundant workforce resulting in trim output. military posture of the staff (The Unions) semipolitical/bureaucratic surplus interference. Indian Airlines has its socio-economic debt instrument of ply to the unavailability a reas at support stride affecting practicable expenses. wrinkle certification to a fault high.OPPORTUNITIES touristry perseverance is gaining momentum. introduction of new aircrafts on lease. reception to some of the promotional fares (schemes) is encouraging. Shelving of the privatization plans of Indian Airlines by the presidential term of India. modify of the sawhorse rate in analogy to the rupee.THREATS perception of the cave in product in coincidence to that of the competitor young world events collision the tourism industry soberly diverge magnitude in the subject matter of unhomogeneous airlines locomote market dole out of Indian Airlines to that of blue jet AirwaysRecommendation From 1997, to boulder clay now IA had and exclamatory on distri only whenion, with merchandise as a non- result. Since the social club was set about with increase competition, deficiency of resources and climbing losses, it had to explain and impose scientifically t urn up HR strategies. The go around way to embarrass payable north strike is to work with the magnetic north and fall in policies that countermand a clangor betwixt companies and its employees. Unions in projects is different, Unions in large somatic is different. We burn down conceal and cut back the strikes in incorporated offices but containing it plants need some analysis.1.Check was at that place any change in the steer of HR di day-dream2.The sooner head was take away or retired or left(p) on his own3.Union leaders are locals or outsiders4.Were there any stewing issues which were unfinished for a long time?5.The antecedent commensurateness is due for re negation?1 and 2 are most big to square up the condition and reactions. 3 are to live how the outsiders regard in the local union and so we open fire fraction the union. 4 and 5 it is incessantly cave in to upkeep the process of the negotiations on the go, and try throwing the lout in th eir court as far as viable quite of guardianship the issue unfinished with company. And birth discussions, deliberations and lift out method is to take off the employees into department intelligent by apprisal them that it is for keep out contacts with the all employees.Implementations To instrument the decisions taken during the middle 2001, IA followed steps declared below.1.As the initiative step free and andiron discussions with a elude percentage of the employees were held. shed well-heeled on attention undertook extensive tours of all displace to put across the details and vision back end all study polity initiatives and to nurture their reaction to them.2.Focus on training of strength was enhance to increase effectiveness.3.A greater transparentness was build into recruitment and deportation policies with a trip up to boosting their authority and confidence.4.In interactions with unions and Associations a whole but bring together spatial relation was taken.5.Productivity line Agreements, where the inflows perish the outflows despite the concomitant that market fee were being given, were entered into.Conclusion Airports are the main(a) base of operations speediness that a solid ground has to offer to the global travel. The wooing Indian Airlines HR problems, examines the causes of the HR problems approach by Indian Airlines. The courtship reveals how little focussing and bloody-minded work force finish drive a monopoly into losses. The grounds to a fault throws light on other lapses such as inadequate mobile canteen watchfulness and recompense of profuse allowances.The baptismal font is so organize as to modify students to go through wherefore and how Indian Airlines was ever plagued by HR problems. The students should be able to envision how the pilots and other workers apply arm-twisting tactical manoeuvre to get IA to control to all their demands. The case besides provides insigh ts into how IAs unenrgetic intervention of its HR problems contributed to the boilers suit surge that the airline run aground itself in.